Current large-scale language models can be politically biased as a result of the data they are trained on, potentially causing serious problems when deployed in real-world settings. In this paper, we describe metrics for measuring political bias GPT-2 generation and propose reinforcement learning (RL) framework mitigating biases generated text. By using rewards from word embeddings or classifie...

certainly, methodology of political jurisprudence (feghe seyasi) is closely related to “ejtehad”( practicing religious jurisprudence) . so, methodologically, understanding characteristics of political jurisprudence , requires understanding ejtehad. and ejtehad ,in turn, requires understanding the relations of it with “language” and “action” .therefor, understanding the two relations, clears the...

Recent studies have found that individuals tend to see themselves as more central in a network than they really are. This body of work has generally been done among small groups of <30 actors. Additionally, settings have usually been in a well-bounded social context focusing on friendship or work relations. Other related research has found links between activity and influence in a network and a...

All surveys with less than full response potentially suffer from nonresponse bias. Poststratification weights can only correct for selection into the sample based on observables whose distribution is known in the population. Variables such as gender, race, income, and region satisfy this requirement because they are available from the U.S. Census Bureau, but poststratification based on these va...

A prominent model suggests that individuals to the right of the political spectrum are more cognitively rigid and less tolerant of ambiguity than individuals to the left. On the basis of this model, we predicted that a psychological mechanism linked to the resolution of visual ambiguity--perceptual bias--would be linked to political attitude. Perceptual bias causes western individuals to favour...

► Over 5,000 subjects were asked if they remembered fabricated political events. ► About half of the sample showed evidence of memory distortion. ► Political preferences appeared to guide the formation of false memories. ► Suggestions that are congruent with prior attitudes and evaluations can produce feelings of familiarity and recognition. ► These can in turn bias source judgments, leading to...