Although the religion of Islam was born in Hijaz region Arabian Peninsula, it spread from Peninsula to Turkistan, Iran, Anatolia and North Africa a short time. Muslims who settled these areas interacted with cultures regions they dominated. As result cultural interaction, great developments have been seen many Islamic society. One similarities conception salvation concept savior (Mahdi). With t...

In this paper, we consider a finite-horizon Markov decision process (MDP) for which the objective at each stage is to minimize a quantile-based risk measure (QBRM) of the sequence of future costs; we call the overall objective a dynamic quantile-based risk measure (DQBRM). In particular, we consider optimizing dynamic risk measures where the one-step risk measures are QBRMs, a class of risk mea...

The figure of the middle-class housewife or ‘ rabbat bayt’ emerged in late 19th-century Arabic-language public sphere amidst colonial encounter. This gendering middle-classness responded to a perceived cultural ‘lag’ yet now itself increasingly signifies backwardness relation ideals emphasizing women’s education and community service over older norms purity propriety. Today, unemployment, discr...