The exceptional flood of the river Odra in July/August 1997 caused severe damage, especially on the Polish side of the Odra valley. An additional 5 km3 of water were discharged during the flood. This represents about a third of the normal annual Odra discharge of 17 km3. Large agricultural and industrial areas were submerged, as well as towns and villages. However, as regards the Odra lagoon an...

The Seine river watershed is characterized by a high population density and intense agricultural activities. Data show low microbiological water quality in the main rivers (Seine, Marne, Oise) of the watershed. Today, there is an increasing pressure from different social groups to restore microbiological water quality in order to both increase the safety of drinking water production and to rest...

Oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios of stem water have been used by several studies which relate the ecophysiology of plants to their water source. Undoubtedly, there are several other applications and research areas which could use this type of analysis. However, the most often used methods of extracting stem water are slow, limiting the rate of sampling and consequently preventing a deeper und...

We undertook a systems engineering approach to evaluate housewide implementation of daily chlorhexidine bathing. We performed direct observations of the bathing process and conducted provider and patient surveys. The main outcome was compliance with bathing using a checklist. Fifty-seven percent of baths had full compliance with the chlorhexidine bathing protocol. Additional time was the main b...

Recreational waters should be considered as risks for Enterococcal infections in regions with high utilization and long exposure periods. The aim of this study was to investigate the resistance of Enterococci to selected antibiotics and some heavy metals [Pb+2, Fe+2, Zn+2 and Cr+2]. A total of 75 Enterococcal isolates was obtained from 54 bathing and ...

INTRODUCTION Maintaining body temperature and reducing stress are important challenges in bathing preterm infants. Swaddle bathing, which includes in itself the principles of developmental care, can be used as a low-stress and appropriate bathing method for premature infants. Given the limitations of the researches carried out on this bathing method, the present study was conducted with the aim...

BACKGROUND Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) bathing has been used primarily in critical care to prevent central line-associated bloodstream infections and infections due to multidrug-resistant organisms. The objective was to determine the effect of hospital-wide CHG patient bathing on healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). DESIGN Quasi-experimental, staged, dose-escalation study for 19 months ...

Acanthamoeba keratitis is a type of protozoa keratitis caused by free-living fresh water Amoeba. It recently gains importance because of increasing incidence, difficulty in diagnosis and unsatisfactory treatment. It is seen more commonly in contact lens wear using homemade saline or may be in non-contact lens wearers due to swimming or bathing in contaminated water. This infection is commonly c...

To identify risk factors and describe the pattern of spread of the 1997 cholera epidemic in a rural area (Ifakara) in southern Tanzania, we conducted a prospective hospital-based, matched case- control study, with analysis based on the first 180 cases and 360 matched controls. Bathing in the river, long distance to water source, and eating dried fish were significantly associated with risk for ...