OBJECTIVE To investigate approaches to supporting the analysis of historical medication datasets with RxNorm. METHODS We created two sets of National Drug Codes (NDCs). One is based on historical NDCs harvested from versions of RxNorm from 2007 to present. The other comprises all sources of NDCs in the current release of RxNorm, including proprietary sources. We evaluated these two resources ...

a place-name or a toponym is a word used to indicate, denote or identify a geographic locality. place-names are formed in the course of history of a region and are affected by various linguistic, social, political and cultural events. toponymy is the taxonomic study of place-names, based on etymological, historical and geographical information. this paper first defines toponym and topnymy and i...

Historical data, including structures, documents, photographs and eyewitness reports, allow changes in some drainage basins to be documented in fine detail over time periods ranging from a few days to several decades. The USA is rich in data sources that are freely available. Rates of bank erosion, meander migration, channel width, riparian vegetation and watershed land use and cover conditions...

hellenism is a part of iran’s historical period. this era starts with the devastating onslaught of alexander, the macedonian warlord. our historical sources introduce alexander with a collection of mythic-historical features which make us visualize the real alexander with an ambiguous image. the conflicting viewpoints of eastern and western historical works in pre-islamic periods can be the rea...

The digitization of Cultural Heritage paves the way for new approaches to surveying and restitution historical sites. With a view management integrated programs documentation conservation, research is now focusing on creation information systems where link digital representation building semantic knowledge. reference emblematic case study Calci Charterhouse, also known as Pisa this contribution...