We evaluate the aggregate effects of expansions credit supply in environments where subsistence self-employment is prevalent. extend a standard macro development model to include unemployment risk, which becomes key driver selection into self-employment. The consistent with joint distribution earnings and occupations, reaction wages labor demand shocks, small microloans on self-employed. find t...

Micro-entrepreneurs play a critical role in alleviating poverty subsistence marketplaces through their business relationships with microfinance institutions. Despite the enormous importance of these relationships, research question on dimensions relationship quality and overall effects outcomes remains unanswered. Thus, drawing marketing, social exchange, self-determination theories, this study...

The α-amylases from Anoxybacillus species (ASKA and ADTA), Bacillus aquimaris (BaqA) and Geobacillus thermoleovorans (GTA, Pizzo and GtamyII) were proposed as a novel group of the α-amylase family GH13. An ASKA yielding a high percentage of maltose upon its reaction on starch was chosen as a model to study the residues responsible for the biochemical properties. Four residues from conserved seq...

The much-publicized quest for miracle drug plants in tropical rainforests has provided compelling support for the preservationist agenda. This article questions the assumptions that underpin this claim, particularly the myth that pristine forest represents the primary repository of nature’s medicinal providence. After tracing colonial European efforts at medicinal plant discovery, intellectual ...

The native groups of Patagonia have relied on a hunter-gatherer economy well after the first Europeans and North Americans reached this part of the world. The large exploitation of marine mammals (i.e., seals) by such allochthonous groups has had a strong impact on the local ecology in a way that might have forced the natives to adjust their subsistence strategies. Similarly, the introduction o...

To study associations between nutritional status and mercury exposure among communities of the Beni River. Cross-sectional survey of mothers and their children from 15 riverside Amerindian communities in the Beni River valley (Amazonian Bolivia). Hair mercury content (H-Hg) served as a bioindicator of mercury exposure. A total of 556 people were measured. Anthropometric indices of nutrition wer...

Intra-Household Labor Supply, Migration, and Subsistence Constraints in a Risky Environment: Evidence from Rural El Salvador We use panel data from El Salvador to investigate migration and the intra-household allocation of labor as a strategy for coping with uninsured risk. Consistent with a model of a farm household with a binding subsistence constraint, we show that adverse agricultural produ...

In late 2006 an unusual ulcerative condition in wild fish was reported for the first time in Africa from the Chobe and upper Zambezi Rivers in Botswana and Namibia. Concern increased with subsistence fishermen reporting large numbers of ulcerated fish in their catches. In April 2007 the condition was confirmed as an outbreak of epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS). The causative agent, Aphan...

Abstract Much has been written about climate change from an ethical view in general, but less it a libertarian point of particular. In this paper, I apply the moral theory to problem change. focus on libertarianism’s implications for our individual emissions. argue that (i) even if emissions cause no harm others, these cross other people’s boundaries, (ii) although boundary-crossings are due ‘s...

Cultural psychologists have shown that people from Western countries exhibit more independent self-construal and analytic (rule-based) cognition than people from East Asia, who exhibit more interdependent self-construal and holistic (relationship-based) cognition. One explanation for this cross-cultural variation is the ecocultural hypothesis, which links contemporary psychological differences ...