Baizhanov and Baldwin [1] introduce the notions of benign and weakly benign sets to investigate the preservation of stability by naming arbitrary subsets of a stable structure. They connect the notion with work of Baldwin, Benedikt, Bouscaren, Casanovas, Poizat, and Ziegler. Stimulated by [1], we investigate here the existence of benign or weakly benign sets. Definition 0.1 1. The set A is beni...

The origin of the luminosity dependence of the equivalent width (EW) of broad emission lines in AGN (the Baldwin effect) is not firmly established yet. We explore this question for the broad C iv λ1549 line using the Boroson & Green sample of the 87 z ≤ 0.5 Bright Quasar Survey (BQS) quasars. Useful UV spectra of the C iv region are available for 81 of the objects, which are used to explore the...

Phenotypic fluctuations and plasticity can generally affect the course of evolution, a process known as the Baldwin effect. Several studies have recast this effect and claimed that phenotypic plasticity accelerates evolutionary rate (the Baldwin expediting effect); however, the validity of this claim is still controversial. In this study, we investigate the evolutionary population dynamics of a...

Baizhanov and Baldwin [1] introduce the notions of benign and weakly benign sets to investigate the preservation of stability by naming arbitrary subsets of a stable structure. They connect the notion with work of Baldwin, Benedikt, Bouscaren, Casanovas, Poizat, and Ziegler. Stimulated by [1], we investigate here the existence of benign or weakly benign sets. Definition 0.1 1. The set A is beni...

An interaction between evolution and learning called the Baldwin effect is known as the two-step evolution caused by the balances between benefit and cost of learning. However, little is still known about dynamic properties of these balances in complex environments. Our purpose is to clarify the key factors and conditions which bring about the dynamic evolution of the benefit and cost of learni...

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The presence ofthe tricarboxylic-acid cycle (Krebs's cycle) has been demonstrated in most mammalian tissues investigated (Krebs & Johnson, 1937; Green, Loomis & Auerbach, 1948), where it appears to be the major pathway for the oxidation of carbohydrate, fat and protein intermediaries. No detailed examinations have been made in the invertebrates. However, evidence has been presented of Krebs's c...

Adult male-immature interactions in non-human primates range from aggressive displays – their extreme expression being infanticide (Bartlett et al., 1993) – agonistic buffering (Taub, 1980), tolerance or indifference (Baldwin & Baldwin, 1973) to affiliative and caretaking (Riedman, 1982; Buchan et al., 2003). In some monogamous species such as tamarins and marmosets (reviewed in Riedman, 1982),...

The genetic assimilation of learned behaviour was introduced to the wider evolutionary computation field by the classic simulation of Hinton and Nowlan. Subsequent studies have analysed and extended their initial framework, contributing to the understanding of the often counterintuitive relationship between evolution and learning. We add to this increasing body of literature by presenting an ev...

The idea that a genetically fixed behavior evolved from the once differential learning ability of individuals that performed the behavior is known as the Baldwin effect. A highly influential paper [Complex Syst. 1, 495 (1987)] claimed that this effect can be observed in silico, but here we argue that what was actually shown is that the learning ability is easily selected for. Then we demonstrat...