A reactive system does not terminate and its behaviors are typically defined as a set of infinite sequences of states. In formal verification, a requirement is usually expressed in a logic, and when the models of the logic are also defined as infinite sequences, such as the case for LTL, the satisfaction relation is simply defined by the containment between the set of system behaviors and that ...

Formal veriication of safety and timing properties of engineering systems is only meaningful if based on models which are systematically derived. In this paper we report on our experience using switched bond graphs for the modelling of hardware components in hybrid systems. We present the basic ideas underlying bond graphs in general and switched bond graphs in particular. Switched bond graphs ...

Laser-induced eye injuries have been reported more and more often in the past years, yet the laser is not a modern invention. Based on stimulated emission, the wavelength, energy dose and pulse duration of the laser are the determining factors for its possible hazard potential. The eye, which is the most vulnerable body part for laser radiation, can be affected. As medical treatment is discusse...

Linear duration invariants (LDI) are important safety properties of real-time systems. They can be easily formulated in terms of a class of chop-free formulas in the Duration Calculus (DC). Compared to other temporal logics, the specification in DC is simpler, neater and more importantly easier to understand. However, directly model checking them is more difficult than model checking properties...

Ultra-short laser pulses with femtosecond to attosecond pulse duration are the shortest systematic events humans can create. Characterization (amplitude and phase) of these pulses is a key ingredient in ultrafast science, e.g., exploring chemical reactions and electronic phase transitions. Here, we propose and demonstrate, numerically and experimentally, the first deep neural network technique ...

The ultrafast radiation damage begins with photoionization, followed by impact ionization by photoand Auger electrons. The ionization of atoms develops with time, ultimately causing lattice disorder and Coulomb explosion of the crystal. Due to very short pulse duration, it has been proposed that diffraction can be recorded before significant structural changes occur. This has been termed “diffr...

We studied the ionization probability of Na atoms in an intense Ti–sapphire laser at 800 nm versus the laser pulse duration. The ionization probabilities for the Na(3s) and Na(3p) states were found to vary non-monotonically with the pulse duration at a constant peak laser intensity. The abnormal (non-monotonic) pulse duration dependence was traced to the competition between resonant and non-res...

OBJECTIVES In this study, we investigated whether increasing stimulus duration could improve performance on a test of attention and short-term memory in cognitively impaired individuals. METHODS A computer-generated forward digit span test was administered to 65 patients with mild cognitive impairment or dementia (28 intervention and 37 controls). After point of failure, testing in the interv...

In 1996 Zhou and Hansen proposed a first-order interval logic called Neighbourhood Logic (NL) for specifying liveness and fairness of computing systems and also defining notions of real analysis in terms of expanding modalities. After that, Roy and Zhou presented a sound and relatively complete Duration Calculus as an extension of NL. We present an embedding of NL into an idempotent semiring of...

In this paper we present a syntactical approach for deriving real-time programs from a formal specification of the requirements of real-time systems. The main idea of our approach is to model discretization at state level by introducing the discrete states approximating the continuous ones, and then derive a specification of the control program over discrete states. Then the control program is ...