Resistance to bacterial speck disease in tomato occurs when the Pto kinase in the plant responds to expression of the avirulence gene avrPto in the Pseudomonas pathogen. Transient expression of an avrPto transgene in plant cells containing Pto elicited a defense response. In the yeast two-hybrid system, the Pto kinase physically interacted with AvrPto. Alterations of AvrPto or Pto that disrupte...

Growth of Corynebacterium renale in vitro on low-iron medium (1.34 micron) was only slightly less than that on high-iron media (7.16 and 9.85 micron). However, studies on C. renale-induced pyelonephritis using the rat as an experimental model revealed that C. renale cultivated in high-iron media was capable of producing pyelonephritis, but when grown on low-iron medium, these bacteria were noni...

To establish a successful infection plant viruses have to overcome a defense system composed of several layers. This review will overview the various strategies plants employ to combat viral infections with main emphasis on the current status of single dominant resistance (R) genes identified against plant viruses and the corresponding avirulence (Avr) genes identified so far. The most common m...

Plant disease resistance (R) genes encode proteins that both determine recognition of specific pathogen-derived avirulence (Avr) proteins and initiate signal transduction pathways leading to complex defense responses. Recent developments suggest that recognition specificity of R proteins is determined by either a protein kinase domain or by a region consisting of leucine-rich repeats. R genes c...

Plant pathogens display impressive versatility in adapting to host immune systems. Pathogen effector proteins facilitate disease but can become avirulence (Avr) factors when the host acquires discrete recognition capabilities that trigger immunity. The mechanisms that lead to changes to pathogen Avr factors that enable escape from host immunity are diverse, and include epigenetic switches that ...

The variegated picture of tuiberculous infection, both spontaneous in man and experimentally induced in animals, has puzzled students and led to most complicated explanations. Most of the earlier experimental studies were handicapped by the lack of two fundamentals which now appear so essential to a solution. One of these was the primary lack of information on the tubercle bacillus and its viru...

nutrigenomics applies genomic technologies to study how nutrients affect expression of genes. with the advent of the post genomic era and with the use of functional genomic tools, the new strategies for evaluating the effects of nutrition on production efficiency and nutrient utilization are becoming available. nutrigenomics plays an efficient role in various fields of animal health like nutrit...

conclusions this results the same as many similar studies demonstrated that common hcv genotypes in iranian patients were 1a, 3a and 1b, respectively. patients with 1a and 1b genotypes have lower responses to interferon treatment, and it is reasonable to perform early screening to diagnose and determine hcv genotype for effective treatment and diagnose high-risk cases. results in overall, 509 p...

a study was performed to study the effect of drought stress on protein changes of five wheat genotypes. wheat genotypes were planted in early november, growing season of 2008-2009. the experiment was carried out in a factotial design with three replications. two drought stress levels (irrigated and non irrigated) and five genotype of wheat (f103-l-1-12//pony/opata, f1.158/fdl//blo/3/sh14414/cro...