The genetic variation present in a species depends on the interplay between mutation, population size, and natural selection. At mutation-(purifying) selection balance (MSB) in a large population, the standing genetic variance for a trait (VG) is predicted to be proportional to the mutational variance for the trait (VM); VM is proportional to the mutation rate for the trait. The ratio VM/VG pre...

T he method of moments approach to parameter estimation dates back more than 100 years (Stigler, 1986). The notion of a moment is fundamental for describing features of a population. For example, the population mean (or population average), usually denoted m, is the moment that measures central tendency. If y is a random variable describing the population of interest, we also write the populati...

The goal of this study was to determine the baroreflex influence on systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and pulse interval (PI) variability in conscious mice. SAP and PI were measured in C57Bl/6J mice subjected to sinoaortic deafferentation (SAD, n = 21) or sham surgery (n = 20). Average SAP and PI did not differ in SAD or control mice. In contrast, SAP variance was enhanced (21 +/- 4 vs. 9.5 +/- ...

This paper presents randomization-based methods for estimating average causal effects under arbitrary interference of known form. Conservative estimators of the randomization variance of the average treatment effects estimators are presented, as is justification for confidence intervals based on a normal approximation. Examples relevant to research in environmental protection, networks experime...

in order to investigate the yield stability of eight promising rice genotypes, these lines along with shiroudi and fajr cultivars as control were sown in three regions of mazandaran province (amol, sari and tonekabon) as randomized complete block arrangements with three replications in 2012 and 2013. analysis of variance for grain yield indicated significant differences among the genotypes in a...

We investigate the average number of moves made by Quick Select (a variant of Quick Sort for finding order statistics) to find an element with a randomly selected rank. This kind of grand average provides smoothing over all individual cases of a specific fixed order statistic. The variance of the number of moves involves intricate dependencies, and we only give reasonably tight bounds.

The variance of the particle number (equivalently the total charge) in a domain of length L of a one-component plasma (OCP) on a cylinder of circumference W at the reciprocal temperature ;=2, is shown to remain bounded as L . This exactly solvable system with average density \ has a density profile which is periodic with period (\W ) along the axis of the infinitely long cylinder. This illustra...

Impact of investor sentiments on mean variance trade off with respect to Pakistani market has been investigated in this paper. Composite index for Investor Sentiments for Karachi stock exchange is developed. The six measures incorporated in the composite investor sentiment index are closed end fund discount, KSE turnover, the number of IPOs, average first day returns of IPOs, equity share in ne...

Many biologists now recognize that environmental variance can exert important effects on patterns and processes in nature that are independent of average conditions. Jensen's inequality is a mathematical proof that is seldom mentioned in the ecological literature but which provides a powerful tool for predicting some direct effects of environmental variance in biological systems. Qualitative pr...