the islamic fast during the month of ramadan is strictly observed worldwide by millions of muslims. ramadan is the 9th month of the islamic lunar calendar and fasting during ramadan is the religious duty of all healthy adult muslims. a whole month of intermittent fasting, from dawn to dusk, every year is particular only to islam and considering that islam has over 1.5 billion followers worldwid...

Nowadays, many real problems can be formalized as Distributed CSPs. A distributed constraint satisfaction problem (DisCSP) is a CSP in which variables and constraints are distributed among multiple automated agents. Many researchers assume for simplicity that each agent has exactly one variable. For real distributed problem these techniques require a large amount of messages passed among agents...

From written descriptions, 2 experiments were conducted to assess student's perceptions of women and men who are voluntarily childless. Experiment 1 examined attitudes toward a hypothetical childfree women who opted for sterilization. The decision for sterilization denotes a behavioral commitment to remaining childfree. 156 undergraduates and 29 high school and 32 adult school students were ...

Buoyed by the success of deep multilayer neural networks, there is renewed interest in scalable learning of Bayesian neural networks. Here, we study algorithms that utilize recent advances in Bayesian inference to efficiently learn distributions over network weights. In particular, we focus on recently proposed assumed density filtering based methods for learning Bayesian neural networks – Expe...

In this paper, the authors investigate a basic assumption underlying most models based on social or mathematical psychology that consumers are rational in the sense of choosing the most economically efficient brand. Using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) for measuring the efficiency of individual consumer choice, they report the results of two empirical studies, one involving the social psycholo...

Disparities in healthcare represent a failure in the equity domain of quality. Although disparities have been well documented, little has been written about how hospitals might use improved data collection and quality improvement techniques to eliminate disparities. This article describes early findings from the planning phase of the first hospital-based disparities collaborative. The authors a...

There are many situations for statistical process in which we have both random and vague information. When uncertainty is due to fuzziness of information, fuzzy statistical control charts play an important role in the monitoring process, because they simultaneously deal with both kinds of uncertainty. Dealing with fuzzy characteristics using classical methods may cause the loss of information a...

Traditional micro-economic theory assumes that consumer preferences are independent of market forces like supply, demand, and price. However, this assumption is inconsistent with psychological research on commodity theory (Brock 1968). This research has found that scarcity enhances the desirability of experiences and objects. Two studies were conducted to test the possibility that these scarcit...

This paper compares the classical concept of assumed density lters (ADF) with a new class of approximate lters, the projection lters (PF). It is shown that the concept of ADF is inconsistent in the sense that the resulting lters vary according to the choice of a stochastic calculus, i.e. It^ o or McShane{Fisk{Stratonovich (MFS). The PF are based on the diierential geometric approach to statisti...