Abstract Wind propulsion for commercial ships has been identified as a key component in the energy transition maritime industry. The sailing hybrid ship will operate with leeway (drift) angles to produce lateral force known sideforce, steady operation under sail. In this paper, experimental results performance of fitted bilge keel appendages are presented. Systematic variations appendage height...

The aspect ratio (AR) of a nonspherical ice particle is identified as the key microphysical parameter to determine its asymmetry factor for solar radiation. The mean effective AR is defined for cirrus clouds containing various nonspherical ice particles. A new parameterization of the asymmetry factor of cirrus clouds in terms of AR and mean effective size, Dge, is developed for solar radiation....