We present a coherence-based probability semantics and propagation rules for (categorical) Aristotelian syllogisms. For framing the syllogisms as probabilistic inferences, we interpret basic syllogistic sentence types A, E, I, O by suitable precise imprecise conditional assessments. Then, define validity of inferences notions existential import which is required, Based on generalization de Fine...

The 20th century witnessed not only incredible advances in the model theory and proof theory of classical logic, but also a corresponding advance of non-classical (or, as they are also called, non-standard) logics—i.e. the logics that either non-trivially extend, or actually compete with, classical logic of the Aristotelian, Stoic and Boolean tradition. Since the beginning of the 20th century, ...

Logic was always considered as closely related to philosophy, even as an essential part of the latter. For example, Russell used to say that logic is the heart of philosophy. The connection of two fields can be illustrated by some views of Aristotle. According to the Stagirite the world consists of individual substances. Every substance has two elements, its matter and its form. Although the fo...

Artikel ini menjelaskan tentang bagaimana dekonstruksi menyingkapkan ke-tidak-simetris-an pandangan Aristoteles persahabatan. Ke-tidak-simetris-an itu dijelaskan oleh Derrida melalui frasa: “Wahai sahabat-sahabatku, tidak ada sahabat.” juga menunjukkannya Heidegger, Schmitt, dan Kant yang terlebih dahulu telah mengkaji persahabatan Aristotelian. Pada akhirnya, sebagai sebuah kesimpulan, menyata...

Philosophers have long debated about two ways of conceiving of universals: as Platonic universals and as Aristotelian universals. Roughly, Aristotelian universals are inherent in the particulars that instantiate them; they can be multiply located (located just where the instances are located), and they exist only if they have at least one instance. Platonic universals, by contrast, are truly ab...

Abstract Key features of critical ethical naturalism (CEN) can be more fully appreciated by considering them in relation to themes Aristotle’s ethics and politics. Drawing on writings, four central CEN are explored. The first aspect considered concerns its recognition that we community beings mutually constituted subject co-development, discussion character friendship our essentially political ...

Freedom and moral responsibility have one foot in the practical realm of human affairs and the other in the esoteric realm of fundamental metaphysics—or so we believe. This has been denied, especially in the metaphysics-bashing era occupying the first two-thirds or so of the twentieth century, traces of which linger in the present day. But the reasons for this denial seem to us quite implausibl...

1 Truth-relativism For our purposes, truth-relativism can be characterised as the doctrine that in a single world the very same token utterance can take different truth-values when considered in different contexts of assessment. The root semantic idea is already present in Lewis’s 1980, where an utterance of a sentence like “It is raining” is conceived as receiving a truth-value only when the v...

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objectives: word definitional skills (wdss) were classified according to the quality of both semantic content and syntactic form. the aim of the present study was to investigate the syntactic development in wdss in typically developing school- age children. methods: in this cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical study,  150 of typically developing school-age children participated by the  mu...