emergence of any literary movement, whether poetry or prose, needs a suitable environment. appearance of epic among the greek and the iranian implies this fact that birth of each literary phenomenon is impossible in vaccum atmosphere, but they need special circumstances and means for their development and evolution. movement of free verse developing in arabic lands was in fact reaction to artis...

Clay content (fraction < 2 μm) is one of the most important soil properties. It controls soil hydraulic properties like wilting point, field capacity and saturated hydraulic conductivity, which in turn control the various fluxes of water in the unsaturated zone. In our study site, the Kairouan plain in central Tunisia, existing soil maps are neither exhaustive nor sufficiently precise for water...

Abstract Land salinization is a major obstacle to the sustainable development of agriculture in arid regions. The demand for food, fiber, fuel and fresh water has increased in the recent decades, particularly in developing nations, due to alarming rise in population. As fresh water resources and productive lands for crop production are limited, new strategies for the sustainable utilization of ...

The present study assessed the household-level biophysical vulnerability to climate variability and extreme events of fish farmers in Kitui East Central Sub counties County, Kenya. employed a descriptive survey design total 60 constituted sample. Carefully selected indicators for exposure sensitivity were used operationalize vulnerability. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was assign weights i...

more than two third of the world lands are located in arid and semi arid area including iran. unfortunately there is lack of information and consequently poor scientific studies in these areas because of the difficulties which we face for collecting data and doing field studies in such a big areas under hard situations. however, in the recent decades there has been a great progress in using rem...

Rangelands are expansive, unimproved lands located in arid or semi–arid regions, spanning a variety of landscapes including savannahs, high and low altitude deserts, mountain meadows, and tundra. Rangelands are generally unsuitable for crop production due to aridity, topography, and extreme temperatures. Rangelands support varying mixtures of native and nonnative grasses, grass–like plants, for...

Drylands cover 40 to 45% of the earth’s land surface and harbour about 38% of people on the planet. The UN has claimed that up to 70% of drylands suffer from desertification, affecting 168 countries globally. This has led to desertification becoming the first globally defined environmental issue. Much has been written about problems with the idea of desertification and how it became such a powe...