On average, the poor European periphery converged on the rich industrial core in the four or five decades prior to the First World War. Some, like the three Scandinavian economies, used industrialization to achieve a spectacular convergence on the leaders, especially in real wages and living standards. Some, like Ireland, seemed to do it without industrialization. Some, like Italy, underwent a ...

In the Monte desert, increasing population density, changing land rights and infrastructure may encourage livestock activity, with unknown consequences on ecosystems. Factors that influence livestock settlement distribution may affect ecosystem degradation. We hypothesize that surface and groundwater availability influence livestock settlements distribution. We evaluated this hypothesis with a ...

Detailed remote sensing of urban environments has been limited due to the poor spatial resolution of most satellite-based instruments and low demand from city officials and scientists. As many of the world’s arid region urban centers continue to expand, the need to monitor urban land cover change and its impact on the surrounding environment becomes critical. The growth of urban ecology as an i...

Today sofhvare organizations f i x e the challenge to develop qualiv products and services to respond to the rising custonier requests arid to sustain the growing of niodeni society. Software crisis, a concept coined many Tears ago but still actuol todqj,, synthesizes the chronic inadequacy of the software jirm to satisjy customer needs. Software develoimetit is a v e n complex process that has...

At the beginning of twenty-first century, the water crisis in the priority policy andmanagement is inside and outside of the country as principle thoroughly human, social,economic and political rulers of the country is considered abundant. The World Bank hasannounced that during 1960 and 2025, water resources in Middle East, from 3430 m3 for theeach person in year reach to 667 m3 because of pop...

30 Adopting land policies and laws for effective, equitable and sustainable land use 30 Implementing land legislation and policy 31 Reassessing mechanisms for land redistribution 31 Putting land in a broader picture 32 Understanding the political dynamics of policy processes 32 Strengthening civil society organisations 32 Identifying areas for further research 33 REFERENCES 34 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMEN...

On July 17, 2003, the National Bureau of Economic Research announced that the United States economy had troughed in November 2001 following the peak in March 2001. This makes the 2001 recession one of the shortest in U.S. history being only eight months in length. Whereas business cycles are defined in terms of the overall economies the authors of this paper investigate whether this national re...

Arid regions are an important part of the world as they cover more than 40% of the land surface and they can provide sufficient opportunities for extensive development. However, urban development of these regions is facing a set of problems. This is besides the development barriers due to the arid regions climate associated with a set of economical, social, administrative, and physical problems...

[1] Hydrological and aeolian processes redistribute sediments and nutrients within arid landscapes with important effects on the composition and structure of vegetation. Despite the relevance of wind and water erosion to the dynamics of arid and semiarid ecosystems, the interactions between these two processes remain poorly understood. In this paper we present the results of an intensive set of...

The terrestrial age, or the terrestrial residence time of a meteorite, together with its exposure history provides us with useful insight into the history of the meteorite. It is easy to observe that stony meteorites can weather quickly in humid environments. However, we find that large numbers of meteorites found in semi-arid and arid environments can survive for much longer times. Meteorites ...