Since 1998, an epidemic of avian influenza occurred in the Iranian poultry industry. The identified agent presented low pathogenicity, and was subtyped as an H 9 N 2 avian influenza virus. Backyard chickens can play an important role in the epidemiology of H 9 N 2 avian influenza virus infection. Close contact of backyard chickens with migratory birds, especially with aquatic birds, as well as ...

Field trials were carried out to investigate the impact of “AVIGEN DUCK” immunomodulator on IFN-γ concentration, IL-2, IL-6, lysozyme, and betalysine activity in blood serum White Pekin ducks’ parents. The IFN-γ, IL-6 analyzed by immunoenzyme methods, while lysozyme beta-lysine activities determined using conventional techniques. measured values among experimental birds for most parameters sign...

In the microenvironment concept of avian botulism epizootiology, it is hypothesized that invertebrate carcasses may serve both as a substrate for toxin production by Clostridium botulinum type C and as a vehicle for toxin transmission to water birds. We field-tested that hypothesis by attempting to induce botulism in wing-clipped mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) on sewage oxidation ponds in U...

BACKGROUND There is concern of avian influenza virus (AIV) infections in humans. Subsistence hunters may be a potential risk group for AIV infections as they frequently come into close contact with wild birds and the aquatic habitats of birds while harvesting. This study aimed to examine if knowledge and risk perception of avian influenza influenced the use of protective measures and attitudes ...

The state of knowledge of grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.) effects on water bodies are summarized based on a review of selected literature and my own experience from South Bohemian ponds. The subjects considered include aquatic plant control using grass carp, fish age and stocking densities, and direct and indirect consequences of its introduction to water bodies including impacts on ...

.The Fòlaga second version, a very low cost prototypal AUV for coastal oceanographic purposes, is introduced. The vehicle has the mission of collecting oceanographic data over vertical ocean section at selected geographical points. For this reason, it can navigate on the sea surface, and dive only when measurements are needed. This behaviour is similar to that of aquatic birds that swim on the ...

In aquatic bird populations, the ability of avian influenza (AI) viruses to remain infectious in water for extended periods provides a mechanism that allows viral transmission to occur long after shedding birds have left the area. However, this also exposes other aquatic organisms, including freshwater invertebrates, to AI viruses. Previous researchers found that AI viral RNA can be sequestered...