The sanctioning of norm-violating behavior by an effective formal authority is an efficient solution for social dilemmas. It is in the self-interest of voters and is often favorably contrasted with letting citizens take punishment into their own hands. Allowing informal sanctions, by contrast, not only comes with a danger that punishments will be misapplied, but also should have no efficiency b...

Every American state has created new intermediate sanctions in recent years and nearly half have, have had, or are considering having sentencing guidelines. Guidelines can reduce sentencing disparities, including race, gender, and geographical disparities; effect changes in statewide sentencing patterns; and coordinate sentencing policies and corrections resources. Well-managed intermediate san...

right of enforcement developed to the right of effective enforcement which both rooted in judicial protection. effective enforcement needs to foresee clear and useful, expeditious and cheap methods that helps the collection of defendant’s financial information and facilitates voluntary enforcement of judgment and finally use of professional and independent persons in execution process. in irani...

BACKGROUND Medical colleges want academic integrity in medical students. This will require measurement of professionalism. Dundee Poly-professionalism Inventory-1 is one of the few validated tools available to measure academic integrity. The purpose was to validate the Dundee Poly- professionalism Inventory-1 for use in Pakistan. METHODS In this cross sectional study words and statements in t...

The Effect of Sanctions on the Job Finding Rate: Evidence from Denmark This paper investigates the effect of sanctions of unemployment insurance benefits on the exit rate from unemployment for a sample of Danish unemployed. According to the findings are that even moderate sanctions have rather large effects. For both males and females the exit rate increases by more than 50% following impositio...

Organizations responding to requests to produce electronically stored information (ESI) for litigation today often conduct information retrieval with a limited amount of data that has first been culled by custodian mailboxes, date ranges, or other factors chosen semi-arbitrarily based on legal negotiations or other exogenous factors. The culling process does not necessarily take into account th...

Abstract This article is an empirical attempt to explore the relationship between sanctions (financial and non-financial), oil price shocks and Iran-Russian bilateral trade flows over the period 1991–2014. In contrast to earlier studies in which a gravity model has been estimated through a panel data approach, in this paper the authors apply a gravity model for only two countries and do the es...