Urban space has been formed in historical texture of cities under the influence of meaning and shape on the onehand and qualities related to human behaviors on the other hand. Among these points, neighborhood centers as themost important areas of social life in urban open space play a critical role in attracting people and improving qualityand vitality of environment. This study presents the re...

The decision in RJ Reynolds vs. FDA (2012) to invalidate FDA's proposed graphic health warnings was based in part on the reasoning that the proposed graphic warnings cued emotional responses and therefore could not be considered "factual." However, this reasoning demonstrated the courts' fundamental misunderstanding of current behavioral-science research. In contrast to the courts' artificial s...

This dissertation is a study into the casuistry of substantive international criminal law. It analyses how international criminal courts use the facts of individual cases to shape and develop individual criminal liability for international crimes – that is, war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide and the crime of aggression. Chapter I is the prologue to the study. It sketches the backgrou...

T T7 That is the future of our public space? Not an unreasonable question \ A/ to 35 k as we stand at the threshold of a new century. A hundred Y V years ago this question probably would not have crossed our minds. There was then no reason to be concerned about the future of public space, for it was a time when the urban park systems of many major U.S. cities were experiencing remarkable growth...

What limits do judges have when creating specialty courts such as Veterans Treatment Courts (“VTCs”)? Many states have virtually no limits. I argue that states should enact legislation authorizing the creation of VTCs to maintain democratic legitimacy and ensure that the judiciary respects the separation of powers doctrine. VTCs represent an innovative and courageous approach to treat and rehab...

Specialised domestic violence courts, initially developed in the United States of America, have been recognised by other jurisdictions including Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom. This article presents a case study of K Court in Toronto, drawing upon documentary evidence, direct observations and interviews with key informants. It is argued that the specialised domestic violence court pro...

Mental health courts are the most recent development in therapeutic courts [1]. While mental health courts vary in their characteristics, they rest on the assumption that creating access to treatment for defendants is an important strategy in reducing recidivism. Mental health courts differ from traditional criminal courts in a number of important ways. The most significant is that the judge an...

Previous models for the evolution of alternative male mating behavior have virtually ignored the role of female choice. We present a model in which female choice favors the evolution and maintenance of alternative mating strategies in male ruffi, Philomachus pugnax. Resident male ruffe establish and defend courts on leks against other residents, while non-territorial satellite males move betwee...