background: to use different methods for serodiagnosis of ruminants' haemonchosis is important because detection of egg in the faeces is not so reliable. methods: peptide bands of 5 different crude antigens of intestine, uterus, cuticle, whole male and whole female of hae­monchus contortus were determined using sds-page and western blotting. five lambs were infected with 10,000 third stage larv...

HIGHLIGHTS IgG and IgA from normal human serum can recognize E. coli antigens LPS. The PBMC proliferation assay was induced by Mucosal may induce local systemic responses.

Nanoparticles (NPs) are effective and safe adjuvants for antigen delivery in modern vaccinology. Biodegradable nanomaterials with suitable properties are frequently applied for conjugation or loading with antigens; they protect the antigens from degradation in vivo. NPs are applied as effective delivery system to facilitate antigen uptake by antigen presenting cells (APCs) and especially dendri...

ulcerative colitis is an acute or chronic inflammatory bowel disease that diffusely involves the colonic mucosa. the etiology of ulcerative colitis is unknown. the involvement of genetic factors in ulcerative colitis is suggested by some reports of familial occurence anil the immune abnormalities found in patients and their unaffected female relatives. a number of disease with unknown etiology,...

background: thalassemia is probably the most common single gene disorder causing a major public health problem in the world. currently, allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct) is the only curative therapy for thalassemia. one major limitation of hsct is the lack of hla-identical sibling donors, so attention has turned to finding phenotypically matched unrelated donors. patients...

visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a zoonotic disease caused by leishmania species. dogs are considered to be the main reservoir of vl. a number of methods and antigen-based assays are used for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis. however, currently available methods are mainly based on direct examination of tissues for the presence of parasites, which is highly invasive. a variety of serological tests ...

dendritic cells (dcs) are antigen presenting cells with unique capability to take up and process antigens in the peripheral blood and tissues. they subsequently migrate to draining lymph nodes where they present these antigens and stimulate naive t lympho-cytes. during their life cycle, dcs go through two maturation stages and are referred to as immature and mature cells, respectively. while im...

  Background : An accurate and prompt diagnosis of bacterial arthritis is essential for earlier treatment and a good outcome. Superantigens produced by Staph. Aureus are among the most lethal toxins. The paper objective was Identification of common bacterial antigens and S.aureus superantigens in synovial fluid (SF) of children with negative culture and direct smear for other bacteria except fo...