Understanding the maintenance of among-individual behavioral variation in populations and predicting its consequences are key challenges ecology. Studying association between repeatable behaviors other traits under selection may shed light on underlying selective pressures. We used model snail Cepaea nemoralis to examine whether individual behavior is associated with shell morph, a trait that h...

Over the past century, study of animal color has been critical in establishing some founding principles biology, especially genetics and evolution. In this regard, one emerging strengths working with land snail genus Cepaea is that historical collections can be compared against modern-day samples, for instance, to understand impact changing climate habitat upon shell morph frequencies. However,...

Postcopulatory adaptations that increase reproductive success compared to rivals, like the transfer of accessory gland products that promote paternity, are common when sperm competition occurs among males. In land snails, the dart shooting behavior and its adaptive significance, in promoting individual fitness through enhanced paternity of the successful dart shooter, have been considered such ...