The first spinal commissurotomy was performed by Armour and reported in 1927. The patient, suffering from tabetic gastric pain, died post-operatively. Putnam (1934) devised a similar procedure independently and advocated it for intractable pain in the arms and shoulders. The operation aimed at interrupting the decussating fibres passing to the spinothalamic tracts and, since the decussation was...

Neurons of the nucleus of the posterior commissure (nuc PC), an identifiable cluster of neurons in the embryonic zebrafish brain, project growth cones ventrally along the posterior commissure to the anterior tegmentum where the PC intersects two longitudinal tracts, the tract of the postoptic commissure (TPOC) and the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF). Once at the intersection, nuc PC growth...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cerebrovascular oxygenation changes during respiratory challenges have clinically important implications for brain function, including cerebral autoregulation and the rate of brain metabolism. SWI is sensitive to venous oxygenation level by exploitation of the magnetic susceptibility of deoxygenated blood. We assessed cerebral venous blood oxygenation changes during simpl...

Locust phase polymorphism is an extreme example of behavioral plasticity; in response to changes in population density, locusts dramatically alter their behavior. These changes in behavior facilitate the appearance of various morphological and physiological phase characteristics. One of the principal behavioral changes is the more intense flight behavior and improved flight performance of grega...

Central testosterone aromatization is required for the activation of both appetitive (ASB) and consummatory (CSB) male sexual behavior in Japanese quail. There are two major clusters of aromatase immunoreactive (ARO-ir) cells in the rostral forebrain; these outline the nucleus preopticus medialis (POM) and the nucleus striae terminalis (BST). We investigated the role of these nuclei in the regu...

Supporting Information S4 Fig. Immunohistochemical staining of rat and mouse brains with anti-Nax antibodies. Immunohistochemical staining of the coronal sections of rat and mouse brains, containing the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) (A) and median eminence (B) with anti-rat Nax [12] and anti-mNax antibodies. Immunohistochemical staining was performed as described in S5 File. Neither rat nor mo...

Anatomic, velocimetric, and brain motion MRI scans were combined with a computational fluid dynamics model to investigate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) mixing in the third cerebral ventricle of a healthy male adult. It was found that advection dominates over diffusion in most of the third ventricle. Three zones where diffusion plays an important role in the mixing process were identified. One of th...

PURPOSE To determine whether relative cortical thickness measurements of the precentral and postcentral gyri can be used to differentiate the central sulcus from adjacent cortical sulci. METHODS Turbo inversion-recovery MR imaging of the entire brain was done with scans parallel to the anterior commissure-posterior commissure line. Cortical thickness was measured in each hemisphere with a jew...

This study investigated effects of age and sex on regional brain structure in humans, focusing on the frontal and temporal lobes. Hemispheric volumes were obtained from magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of 96 young (53 men, 43 women; aged 18-40 years) and 34 older (17 men, 17 women; aged 41-80) healthy volunteers. Images (5 mm axial spin-echo, repetition time of 3000 msec and echo times of 30 an...

Figure 1 CT without contrast (A) performed upon arrival of the patient shows a hypodense area affecting the left caudate and lentiform nuclei and the internal capsule. Note the hypodense area extending contralaterally along the edge of the corpus callosum. MR images taken 18 hours later revealed hypointensities in the same regions described by the CT scan in T1-weighted sequences and hyperinten...