Labelling data is one of the most fundamental activities in science, and has underpinned practice, particularly medicine, for decades, as well research corpus linguistics since at least d

Annotated corpora are crucial language resources, and pre-annotation is an usual way to reduce the cost of corpus construction. Ensemble based pre-annotation approach combines multiple existing named entity taggers and categorizes annotations into normal annotations with high confidence and candidate annotations with low confidence, to reduce the human annotation time. In this paper, we manuall...

Many NLP tasks involve sentence-level annotation yet the relevant information is not encoded at sentence level but at some relevant parts of the sentence. Such tasks include but are not limited to: sentiment expression annotation, product feature annotation, and template annotation for Q&A systems. However, annotation of the full corpus sentence by sentence is resource intensive. In this paper,...

Recently, design researchers have been interested in observation-analysis approach to study design activities. This is how the annotation and annotation tools have been introduced into the design research. This paper describes the annotation process as an approach in design activity studies and proposes a sequential structure for the annotation process. The research objective is to characterize...