We report the characterization of multifunctional rigid-rod beta-barrel ion channels with either internal aspartates or arginine-histidine dyads by planar bilayer conductance experiments. Barrels with internal aspartates form cation selective, large, unstable and ohmic barrel-stave (rather than toroidal) pores; addition of magnesium cations nearly deletes cation selectivity and increases single...

Natural anion channelrhodopsins (ACRs) discovered in the cryptophyte alga Guillardia theta generate large hyperpolarizing currents at membrane potentials above the Nernst equilibrium potential for Cl- and thus can be used as efficient inhibitory tools for optogenetics. We have identified and characterized new ACR homologs in different cryptophyte species, showing that all of them are anion-sele...

activated charcol phase loaded with 2-propylpiperidine-1-carbodithioate (ppcd) were synthesized based on chemical binding and physical adsorption approaches. the stability of a chemically modified ppcd especially in concentrated hydrochloric acid which was then used as a recycling and pre-concentration reagent for further uses of activated charcol immobilized ppcd. the application of this activ...

Anion passivation effect on metal-oxide nano-architecture offers a highly controllable platform for improving charge selectivity and extraction, with direct relevance to their implementation in hybrid solar cells. In current work, we demonstrated the incorporation of fluorine (F) as an anion dopant to address the defect-rich nature of ZnO nanorods (ZNR) and improve the feasibility of its role a...

Behavioral output of neural networks depends on a delicate balance between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic connections. However, it is not known whether network formation and stability is constrained by the sign of synaptic connections between neurons within the network. Here we show that switching the sign of a synapse within a neural circuit can reverse the behavioral output. The inhibitor...

Methods for separation of ions by ion-exchange, ion-pair, and zwitterion ion chromatography share at least one common thread--the induced formation of a cation-anion pair in the stationary phase. Selectivity can be defined as the relative ability of sample ions to form such a pair. Examples are given in anion-exchange chromatography to show the effect of variations in the geometry, bulkiness an...

Kernel methods are considered the most effective techniques for various relation extraction (RE) tasks as they provide higher accuracy than other approaches. In this paper, we introduce new dependency tree (DT) kernels for RE by improving on previously proposed dependency tree structures. These are further enhanced to design more effective approaches that we call mildly extended dependency tree...

Phosphorylated carbohydrates are the main photoassimilated export products from chloroplasts that support the energy household and metabolism of the plant cell. Channels formed by the chloroplastic outer envelope protein OEP21 selectively facilitate the translocation of triosephosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate and phosphate, central intermediates in the source-sink relationship between the chloropla...