Introduction To date, avian influenza virus (AIV) is an unpredictable pathogen affecting both animals, birds and people. The regular emergence of new strains and variants with different properties and pathogenicities requires additional monitoring and careful research of those viruses. It is known that wild birds— especially waterfowl and shorebirds— are the main and primary reservoir of AIV in...

Nowadays few people consider finding their way in unfamiliar areas a problem as a GPS (Global Positioning System) combined with some simple map software can easily tell you how to get from A to B. Although this opportunity has only become available during the last decade, recent experiments show that long-distance migrating animals had already solved this problem. Even after displacement over t...

Pigeons may transmit diseases to humans and cause damages buildings, monuments, other infrastructure. Therefore, several control strategies have been developed, but they found be either ineffective or harmful animals often depend on human operation. This study proposes a system capable of autonomously detecting deterring pigeons building roofs using drone. The presence position were detected in...

Partridge bands have been developed and marketed on the assumption that their ribbed under-surface would ensure less interference with periosteal and cortical blood flow than other cerclage systems. Three cases are reported of serious clinical complications from loss of cortical bone under the band, and interference with the external bridging callus response.

Any deficiency in trace element content of commercial poultry diets will decrease their performance. To prevent this situation it is necessary to supplement trace minerals in poultry diets to allow the modern birds to reach their genetic potential. The NRC publication as the most famous reference for livestock and poultry nutrients requirement has no recommendation for some less needed trace mi...

OMPLEMENTATION between allelic mutants at the ad-4 (adenine-4) locus, deficient for the enzyme adenylosuccinase (adenylosuccinate AMP-lyase, C.E. 4322). was first reported in Neurospora (GILES, PARTRIDGE and NELSON 1957; WOODWARD, PARTRIDGE and GILES 1958). It was found that certain pairs of these mutants, which as a result of the absence of adenylosuccinase activity require adenine for growth,...

An education in veterinary virology should establish a basis for life-long learning and enable veterinary graduates to address professionally the control and eradication of viral diseases, both locally and globally. It is therefore more important that the curriculum focuses on a sound understanding of the nature and behaviour of viruses and their interactions with animal hosts, rather than impa...