Among the different classes of banned substances, stimulants represent the second largest class of use in sports. The article focuses on the description of the four mainly abused stimulants: caffeine, ephedrine, amphetamines and cocaine, their pharmacological structure and mechanisms of action, their effects and consequences on athletic performance. As athletes represent role models for healthy...

advances in understanding the neurobiology of addiction to stimulants, has made it possible for researchers to identify medicines effective in initiation of treatment and prevention of stimulants relapse, based on pharmacological effects of various medicine. some of these medicine and vaccines have brought promising results in clinical trials on cocaine dependent patients. studies regarding met...

P demonstrated stimulants are the mainstay of treatment in Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with effect sizes of 0.8-1.1 (Pliszka & AACAP Work Group on Quality Issues, 2007). Stimulants have been used since the 30s. They are very effective and generally very safe. Yet, parents are usually reluctant to put their kids on stimulants for a multitude of concerns. Sorely, inadequate ps...

In this chapter we consider the neuropsychopharmacology of ADHD in general and dopamine and the stimulants more specifically. Attention will be given to the various neurotransmitter theories for ADHD. We will consider the theoretical mechanisms of actions for the various medicines used to treat ADHD. We will look at how the stimulants, although often assumed to be similar, actually show evidenc...

Stimulants have, in their own ways, played a leading role shaping today’s globalised world. Their world-shaping power stems from double role: as “agents” that stimulate bodies, and things “rouse incite” capital. In this issue of Commodity Frontiers, contributions center on the histories presents some stimulant crops sites processes cultivation, expansion, transformations. Contributors variously...

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease. It affects multiple body organs. The lungs and pancreas are the most affected which results in progressive lung damage and pancreatic insufficiency. Due to the disease process, CF patients require significantly higher caloric intake than recommended for other individuals. The nutritional goal for CF patients is to achieve normal growth and...

ôbjective: there is evidence to show an increase in use of stimulant substances among university students. this study is a qualitative assessment of the existing situation and the underlying reasons for stimulant use among the students of tehran üniversity of medical sciences in 2006. methods: three qualitative methods have been used: focus group discussions with 7 groups (60 individuals) consi...

objectives: early maladaptive schemas are valid representations of unpleasant childhood experiences that shape a person’s viewpoints of the world, and lead to clinical symptoms such as depression, personality disorders, and substance abuse. given the importance of this matter, we conducted a research on early maladaptive schemas in substance-abusers, to allow more appropriate preventive measure...

In the current research, the effects of some organic fertilizers as fulvic and humic acids on the vegetative growth of pistachio seedlings in a semi-hydroponic culture containing Fe-EDDHA (as a synthetic fertilizer) and FeSO4 (as an inorganic fertilizer) were investigated. The alkalinity is recognized as a main problem in pistachio orchards, therefore the pH of nutrient solution was ...

Nitrogen-containing heterocycles are structural elements of many synthetic and endogenous biologically active substances. In this regard, they have particular interest as objects study the relationship between structure biological activity. The aim work is development new plant growth stimulants, based on nitrogen-containing heterocyclic dithiocarbamic acids their inclusion complexes with arabi...