ABSTRACT Estimation of genotypic diversity is an important component of the analysis of the genetic structure of plant pathogen and microbial populations. Estimates of genotypic diversity are a function of both the number of genotypes observed in a sample (genotype richness) and the evenness of distribution of genotypes within the sample. Currently used measures of genotypic diversity have inhe...

endophytes are organisms present in the internal tissues living in symbiotic association with plants. these organisms may be used as alternative source of many secondary metabolites production. the present study was conducted to explore the endophytic fungi that colonize the inner tissues of medicinal plant mimusops elengi l. out of 100 plant segments of both leaves and twigs of mimusops elengi...

Latent space models (LSMs) provide a principled and effective way to extract hidden patterns from observed data. To cope with two challenges in LSMs: (1) how to capture infrequent patterns when pattern frequency is imbalanced and (2) how to reduce model size without sacrificing their expressiveness, several studies have been proposed to “diversify” LSMs, which design regularizers to encourage t...

Ledokombo hillocks are small hills located in Jember, East Java that have natural resources and face habitat alteration such as plantation mining. However, a study of the diversity butterflies has not been carried out this area. We analysed using Shannon-Wiener index (H’) Pielou evenness (E). identified 514 individuals from 34 species demonstrated moderate (H'= 1.907) Our results could be used ...

Traditionally, biodiversity has often been estimated on the basis of abundance partly due to the need for complicated measurements of biomass. Here, we conducted robust measurements of the community composition and of the size structure of diatoms in the North Pacific to evaluate the importance of biomass on the biodiversity. We found that the two most useful evenness indices increased in most ...

In th i s paper we discuss the problem of f inding edge-disjoint pa th s in a p lanar , und i rec ted g raph such t h a t each p a t h connec ts two specified vert ices on the b o u n d a r y of the g raph . We will focus on t he "classical" case where an ins tance addi t ional ly fulfills t he so-called evenness-condition. T h e fas tes t a lgor i thm for this p rob lem known from the l i te r...