phatic communion is a cultural concept which differs across cultures. according to hofstede (2001), the u.s. tends to have individualistic culture; however, asian countries tend to have collectivistic cultures. these cultures view phatic communion differently. in individualistic cultures like u.s., phatic communion reflects speakers’ socio-cultural relationships in conversations. to see whether...

Introduction: Cancer is the second leading cause of death in children and mothers are one of the care team who facing psychological problems. The purpose of this study was to mediate the role of psychological flexibility in relation to religious coping strategies with the psychological distress of mothers of children with leukemia cancer. Method: The descriptive-correlation method was used. Th...

Objective: The aim of the current study was to examine the casual relationship of perceived support with psychological distress and addiction potential with the mediating role of loneliness in school students of slum area in Qom. Method: The participants of this study included 225 high-school male students who were chose by multistage cluster sampling method. Perceived Support Questionnaire, Ps...

abstract english language learning in iran has become significant in recent years, and english has been included in the curriculum of iranian schools and universities, and considerable attention has been paid to this language in our society. nevertheless, teaching and learning english in iranian schools has not been able to satisfy the specified goals, so different efl institutes have been est...

One of the most important issues in nursing ethics is moral distress, which is a severe psychological problem among nurses. The purpose of this study was to determine the nurses’ moral distress in the hospitals of the northwest of Iran.This was a cross-sectional study in which 418 nurses were selected by randomized multistep sampling method in the northwest of Iran in 2012. Data collection was ...