The aptitude for symbolization, characteristic of man, is revealed not only in artistic representations and funerary practices. It is exhibited by every manifestation of human activity or representation of natural phenomena that assumes or refers to a meaning. We can recognize functional symbolism (tool-making, habitative or food technology), social symbolism, (language and social communication...

The 30 th anniversary of the World Health Organization's (WHO) official certification of smallpox eradication was marked by a slew of events hailing the campaign's dramatic tale of technological and organizational triumph against an ancient scourge. Yet commemorations also serve as moments of critical reflection. This article questions the acclaim showered upon smallpox eradication as the singl...

One of the most ancient humankind concerns is knowledge formalization i.e. what a concept is. Concept Analysis, a branch of analytical philosophy, relies on the purpose of decompose the elements, relations and meanings of a concept. This paper aims at presenting a method to make a concept analysis obtaining a knowledge representation suitable to be processed by a computer system using either ob...

In medical history of different nations, there are numerous documents concerning cancer. The present study is an investigation in ancient books to determine the part that medicine of Iran has played in the recognition of cancer. In all 31 Iranian medical and 5 Islamic medicine books mostly from 8 to 18 cent. A.D. have been examined. The findings showed that cancer in ancient medical books of Ir...

The identity and history of the indigenous groups who occupied the Lesser Antilles during the ceramic periods remain highly controversial. Although recent archaeological evidence has challenged hypotheses concerning the organization of human groups in this region, more biological data are needed to fully inform the discussion. Our study provides, to our knowledge, the first palaeogenetic data f...

Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease affecting humans of all ages in all parts of the world. The primary site of infection commonly involves lungs, although it can affect any part of the body, including oral cavity. Although oral manifestations of tuberculosis are very rare, the disease can present itself in a variety of clinical appearances which may mimic malignancy clinically. Thus t...

The hegemonic-type empires of ancient Mesoamerica are difficult to study archaeologically because they left fewer material traces than more territorially organized empires such as the Inka or Roman cases. We present a material culture model for the identification of such empires using archaeological data. The model, based upon Michael Doyle’s analytical approach to imperialism, is developed fro...

Other important developments were carried out during the Egyptian civilisation. They made a great progress on primary human infections and inflammation control in ancient times [2]. Linen based textile gauze structure was employed as the wound dressing at that time. Preliminary work on honey, gums, resins and herbal extracts in woundcare application was undertaken by the Egyptians and the linen...

In this paper, we present a hybrid approach for performing token and sentence levels Dialect Identification in Arabic. Specifically we try to identify whether each token in a given sentence belongs to Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), Egyptian Dialectal Arabic (EDA) or some other class and whether the whole sentence is mostly EDA or MSA. The token level component relies on a Conditional Random Fiel...