The international economy, in the beginning of the 20th century, is characterized by uncertainty about the supply and the price of oil. Together with the fast decrease of electrical propulsion component prices, it becomes more and more cost effective to develop vehicles with alternative powertrains. This paper focuses on two questions: Are alternative powertrains especially cost effective for s...

Using alternative fuel vehicles is one of the ways to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels which have many negative environmental effects. An alternative fuel vehicle needs special planning for its refueling operations because of some reasons, e.g. limited number of refueling stations, uncertain refueling queue times in the stations, variable alternative fuel prices among the stations, etc. I...

The rate at which the Earth’s surface receives high-utility energy from the Sun is 11,000 times as great as the rate at which humans use commercial energy. Despite this, 88 percent of the commercial energy used comes from non-renewable, fossil-fuel sources. Fossil fuel use each year adds 3 percent more carbon-dioxide to the atmosphere than natural sinks can remove. The task for humans is to fin...

The rapid increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations in the last several decades has caused observable changes in global climate on all continents. Carbon dioxide, the primary causative agent of climate change has increased from long-term mean average of 275 ppm to the current level of 400 ppm. About 85% of the current global energy production and use is based or derived from fossi...

Concern over the environmental effects of fossil fuels in India has been growing as domestic consumption levels increase. Along with industry, households are major consumers of commercial energy and, consequently, major contributors to the total energy use in India. Emission levels in the country are gradually increasing. The present study estimates emissions related to fossil fuel combustion i...

INTRODUCTION Turn your ignition key and fuel ignites, pushing pistons, powering your automobile, and allowing you freedom and mobility. Simple! We drive to work; we drive for vacations; we drive just to drive. Transportation is just one of the many examples of society’s dependence on fossil fuels. Today, the burning of fossil fuels, including coal, oil, and gas meets more than 85% of the world’...

1.Introduction Energy efficiency and environmental performance are mainstream issues for ship operators who are aiming through low carbon shipping and cost reductions. Although reducing fuel consumption seems to have priority, environmental considerations also push the shipping industry to operate in more efficient way. Strict legislations on GHG emissions and increasing fuel prices turn the fo...

With the development of deregulated power systems and increase of prices in some hours of day and increase fuel price, demand response programs were noticed more by customers. demand response consists of a series of activities that governments or utilities design to change the amount or time of electric energy consumption, to achieve better social welfare or some times for maximizing the benefi...