During present studies colony record of Apis mellifera under stationary condition was recorded minimum (3.30 bee frames/conoly) in First fortnight November 2019 and maximum (8.30 frames/ colony) second January 2020. Brood area significantly low (1160.34 cm2/colony) October high (4013.67 first Pollen (345.0 (1720.71cm2/colony) February The honey store observed (1660.50gm/colony) No incidence EFB...

Abstract European foulbrood (EFB), caused by Melissococcus plutonius, is a globally distributed bacterial brood disease affecting Apis mellifera larvae. There some evidence, even if under debate, that spreading of the within colony prevented worker bees performing hygienic behaviour, including detection and removal infected Olfactory cues (brood pheromones, signature mixtures, diagnostic substa...

In the present study, Hermetia illucens larvae were reared on a main rearing substrate composed of coffee roasting byproduct (coffee silverskin, Cs) enriched with microalgae (Schizochytrium limacinum or Isochrysis galbana) at various substitution levels. The microbial diversity substrates, larvae, and frass (excrement from mixed residue) studied by combination culturing growth media metataxonom...