Acidosis leads to mechanical alternans (i.e., alternation of large and small contractions) in ferret papillary muscles. This alternation in the size of the contraction is paralleled by alternation in the size of the intracellular Ca2+ transient (monitored using the photoprotein aequorin). In isolated myocytes, the large contraction is accompanied by a prolonged action potential. Mechanical alte...

Binary sequences are characterized by various features. Two of these characteristics—alternation rate and run length—have repeatedly been shown to influence judgments of randomness. The two characteristics, however, have usually been investigated separately, without controlling for the other feature. Because the two features are correlated but not identical, it seems critical to analyze their u...

Memory deficits associated with hippocampal dysfunction are a key feature of a number of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. The discrete-trial rewarded alternation T-maze task is highly sensitive to hippocampal dysfunction. Normal mice have spontaneously high levels of alternation, whereas hippocampal-lesioned mice are dramatically impaired. However, this is a hand-run task and handli...

Allocentric spatial learning can be assessed using popular spontaneous alternation behaviour (SAB) tested with T-maze, and also using radial arm maze (RAM) tasks. But the SAB testing has been reported to have lack of validity as a measure of retention, especially when used as a measure of short-term memory. A more complex dual alternated task was designed to clarify whether increasing novelty a...

We synthesize a series of imine cage molecules where increasing the chain length of the alkanediamine precursor results in an odd-even alternation between [2 + 3] and [4 + 6] cage macrocycles. A computational procedure is developed to predict the thermodynamically preferred product and the lowest energy conformer, hence rationalizing the observed alternation and the 3D cage structures, based on...

This paper examines the conjoint/disjoint alternation in matrix verbs which take clausal complements Zulu. It shows that typical by default disjoint form with a complement are factive verbs, though it is also clear other attitude can undergo alternation. The explores connection between focus and Zulu under Question Under Discussion (QUD) approach, to help understand interpretations associated a...

We give an upper bound for the dealternating number of a closed 3-braid. As applications, we determine the dealternating numbers, the alternation numbers and the Turaev genera of some closed positive 3-braids. We also show that there exist infinitely many positive knots with any dealternating number (or any alternation number) and any braid index.

We say that a reversible boolean function on n bits has alternation depth d if it can be written as the sequential composition of d reversible boolean functions, each of which acts only on the top n − 1 bits or on the bottom n− 1 bits. We show that every reversible boolean function of n > 4 bits has alternation depth 9.

For a word w in an alphabet Γ, the alternation word digraph Alt(w), a certain directed acyclic graph associated with w, is presented as a means to analyze the free spectrum of the Perkins monoid B2. Let (f B2 n ) denote the free spectrum of B2, let an be the number of distinct alternation word digraphs on words whose alphabet is contained in {x1, . . . , xn}, and let pn denote the number of dis...

Sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) are energy harvesting devices where the anode is buried inside marine sediment, while cathode stays in an aerobic environment on surface of water. To apply this SCMFC as a power source, it crucial to have efficient management system, leading development effective technique suitable for such biological devices. In work, we demonstrate method improve extracti...