Vertical and temporal variations of acid-volatile sulfides (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) in sediment can control biological impacts of metals. To assess the significance of these variations in field sediments, sediments spiked with cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc were deployed in Narragansett Bay for four months and recolonization by benthic organisms investigated. In ...

Alkali halides and alkaline earth halides are strongly ionic compounds that solidify as crystals. The name for the alkali elements (Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs) comes from the Arabic word alqili (ashes of the salt-wort plant that was once used as a source of sodium and potassium for making glass from sand). The name for the halogen elements (F, Cl, Br, I—and the rare radioactive element astatine) come...

In the Boudouard reaction, where CO2 is reacted with carbon (char) to produce CO, very high temperatures are required to shift the equilibrium towards CO production. This endothermic reaction is inherently slow and catalytic species are effective to speed up the reaction rate at temperatures below 900 °C. In this study, the catalytic effect of some alkali (K, Na), alkaline earth (Ca) and transi...

Peroxide bleaching is significantly affected by transition and alkaline earth metals. Isolating the effects of different transition and alkaline earth metals on the reactions of peroxide with different representative lignin structures allows the separation of the positive from the negative contributions of these metal ions. In this work, five monomeric or dimeric phenolic lignin model compounds...