INTRODUCTION This study was performed to determine whether chronic direct renin inhibition can prevent the development of slowly progressive angiotensin (ANG) II-dependent hypertension and the associated derangements in renal function in Cyplal-Ren2 transgenic rats with inducible expression of the Ren2 gene. METHODS Male Cyplal-Ren2 rats (n = 6) were fed a normal diet containing 0.15% indole-...

OBJECTIVE Renal tissue oxygenation may play an important role in the progression of renal diseases. Today, blockers of the renin-angiotensin system and diuretics are two major drug classes used to treat hypertension in patients with or without chronic kidney diseases. The purpose of the present study was to compare the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren to the diuretic hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) ...

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) or the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a major endocrine/paracrine system that regulates blood pressure (BP) via angiotensin release and fluid and electrolyte homoeostasis via aldosterone release. RAAS should be constantly suppressed and any degree of activity may lead to hypertension (HTN) and associated target organ damage. Activation of the R...

The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) cascade has a significant effect on several systems. Angiotensin II (AngII) appeared as not only vasoactive peptide but also multifunctional cytokine that displays non-hemodynamic properties beyond renal hemodynamic properties. kidney includes total components of the RAAS such aldosterone and AngII adjust hemodynamics reabsorption sodium activatin...

The single-pill combination (SPC) comprising nebivolol (5 mg), a vasodilatory β1 -selective antagonist/β3 -agonist, and valsartan (80 mg), a renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor, is the only Food and Drug Administration-approved β-blocker/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor SPC for hypertension. Additive effects of four nebivolol/valsartan SPC doses (5 mg/80 mg, 5/160 mg, 1...

OBJECTIVE Many of the effects of angiotensin (Ang) II are mediated through specific plasma membrane receptors. However, Ang II also elicits biological effects from the interior of the cell (intracrine), some of which are not inhibited by Ang receptor blockers (ARBs). Recent in vitro studies have identified high glucose as a potent stimulus for the intracellular synthesis of Ang II, the producti...

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a dominant role in the pathophysiology of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease and chronic heart failure. Therefore, drugs that block key components of the RAAS such as ACE inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) have gained wide clinical use for these indications. Despite progress, the morbidity and mor...