It is becoming increasingly clear that cellular metabolite levels regulate the activity of signaling pathways, and conversely that signaling pathways affect cellular physiology and growth via metabolic pathways. Thus, metabolism and signaling mutually influence each other. The Company of Biologists' Workshop 'Metabolism in Development and Disease' brought together people studying signaling and ...

The principle of discrimination (or distinction, as it is sometimes called in legal circles) requires that soldiers treat civilians differently from fellow soldiers, generally not attacking the former except in extreme situations. The Geneva Conventions call for a clear separation of people into two camps: those who are protected from assault, including army medical personnel, injured soldiers,...

Buseck et al (2012) raise important issues of terminology in dealing with light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols. Although some might argue that the points raised by Buseck et al. are "only" terminology or nomenclature, not science, we would respond that terminology is essential to doing and communicating and advancing science. A rose by any other name would smell as sweet, but still it useful t...

Everyone agrees that conversations take place in a context. This is not to merely point out that conversations occur at a time and a place, or that there are particular speakers and hearers, though this is all of course true. Conversations take place against a background of mutually recognized facts: facts about the beliefs and presumptions of the participants, facts about the information conve...

Abstract. For an arbitrary field F the maximal number ω(Fn) of points in Fn mutually distance 1 apart with respect to the standard inner product is investigated. If the characteristic char(F) is different from 2, then the values of ω(Fn) lie between n − 1 and n + 2. In particular, we answer completely for which n a simplex of q points with edge length 1 can be embedded in rational n-space. Our ...

We show that k = w + 2 mutually unbiased bases can be constructed in any square dimension d = s provided that there are w mutually orthogonal Latin squares of order s. The construction combines the design-theoretic objects (k, s)-nets (which can be constructed from w mutually orthogonal Latin squares of order s and vice versa) and generalized Hadamard matrices of size s. Using known lower bound...

Routing is fundamental to the workings of the internet, yet the basic routing protocol, Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), is known to be insecure. This paper uses institutional economics to examine internet routing registries, which are used by network operators to mitigate the security flaws in BGP. Secure routing of internet traffic is characterised as a problem in the distributed governance of ...

The success of Service Oriented Systems mainly depends on the extent to which the user’s functional requirements are satisfied. The execution of Web services needs to be monitored to know the performance during its operational period. Also it is important to take management decisions to control or modify its operations within the operational environment. In this paper, ten real world web servic...

BACKGROUND Partnerships are increasingly common in conducting research. However, there is little published evidence about processes in research-policy partnerships in different contexts. This paper contributes to filling this gap by analysing experiences of research-policy partnerships between Ministries of Health and research organisations for the implementation of the Mental Health and Povert...