In the ‘false belief’ task (Wimmer and Perner 1983) autistics and three year olds attribute beliefs based on the objective truth of a situation in the world rather than what the person believes on the basis of available information. Several recalcitrant problems in philosophy are based on the same mistake in which philosophers take their own knowledge of the truth rather than the subject’s just...

In this article, after reviewing the difference between fundamentalist and anti-fundamentalist philosophy, the features of the rationality will be explained from the perspective of five anti-fundamentalist philosophers (Habermas, Richard Rorty, MacIntyre, Michel Foucault and Hayek). The common point stated by all these philosophers is that they all criticize metaphysics and doubt about the basi...

Intuitions play a critical role in analytical philosophical activity. But do they qualify as genuine evidence for the sorts of conclusions philosophers seek? Skeptical arguments against intuitions are reviewed, and a variety of ways of trying to legitimate them are considered. A defense is off ered of their evidential status by showing how their evidential status can be embedded in a naturalist...

Philosophy of religion is dominated by Christianity and Christians. This, in conjunction with the historically anti-LGBTQIA bent Christian thinking, has resulted exclusion less dominant often marginalized perspectives, including queer ones. This essay charts a normative direction for philosophers philosophy religion, subfield they dominate. First, given some unique ways have unjustly harmed que...

since ethics is one of the subdivisions of practical wisdom, islamic philosopher’s view point is very important in explanation of theoretical and practical reason. this paper is going to analyze the distinction between practical and theoretical reason from haeri’s point of view. in order to finding the roots of his issue, at the beginning we will propose the idea of philosophers like farabi, ib...

Abstract Many philosophers are sceptical about the power of philosophy to refute commonsensical claims. They look at famous attempts and judge them inconclusive. I prove that, even if those failures, there alternative successful philosophical proofs against After presenting briefly comment on their significance .

In this work, we consider distributed protocols that operate on arbitrary networks. The analysis of such protocols is challenging, as an arbitrarily chosen network may have limited global symmetry. We describe a methodology that uncovers significant local symmetries by appropriately abstracting node neighborhoods in a network. The local symmetries give rise to uniform compositional proofs of co...