abstract the present study investigated the effects of task types and involvement load hypothesis on incidental learning of 10 target words (tws) in junior high schools (jhss) in givi, ardabil. the tasks deployed in this study were two input-based tasks (reading plus dictionary use with an involvement index of 3, and reading plus gap-fill task with an involvement index of 2), and one output-ba...

Nowadays, updated knowledge and skills and being self directed learners are the prerequisite for success in college and organizational learning. There has been a lot of concern about self directed learning as a key issue in higher education systems. Self directed learning, derived from adult education, is also influenced by other variables like efficiency of faculty teaching and research self e...