BACKGROUND Influenza viral shedding studies provide fundamental information for preventive strategies and modelling exercises. We conducted a prospective household study to investigate viral shedding in seasonal and pandemic influenza between 2007 and 2011 in Berlin and Munich, Germany. METHODS Study physicians recruited index patients and their household members. Serial nasal specimens were ...

In this paper, Swarm Evolutionary Programming (SEP) method incorporating modified System Frequency Response (SFR) model is proposed to solve the optimal Under-frequency Load Shedding (UFLS) scheme design problem. The objective function of this problem is to minimize transient frequency and steady-state frequency deviation from nominal and total quantum of load shedding. The constrained optimiza...

We describe the antiviral effect of maraviroc in a patient who had been shedding high levels of HIV-1 in seminal fluid for three years despite an undetectable blood plasma viral load. Adding maraviroc to HAART stopped the seminal shedding. We discuss the mechanisms involved and the effect on sexual transmission.

BACKGROUND More and more HIV-1-infected men on effective antiretroviral treatment (ART) have unprotected sex in order to procreate. The main factor influencing transmission is seminal HIV shedding. While the risk of HIV transmission is very low, it is difficult to assess in individuals. Nevertheless, it should be quantified. RESULTS We retrospectively analysed seminal plasma HIV-1 shedding by...

Microgrids are a feasible path to deploy smart grids, an intelligent and highly automated power system. Their operation demands a dedicated communication infrastructure to manage, control and monitor the intermittent sources of energy and loads. Therefore, smart devices will be connected to support the growth of grid smartness increasing the dependency on communication networks, which consumes ...

Represented by wind turbines and ultra high-voltage DC (UHVDC), the power-electronic interfaced power sources participate in fast frequency control, which has a significant impact on system frequency. However, conventional under-frequency load shedding (UFLS) scheme doesn’t take into account above, resulting unreasonable after large loss of generation. To this end, article proposes an adaptive ...