Bilirubin is the end product of degradation of the heme moiety of hemoproteins. Hemoglobin, derived from senescent erythrocytes, is the major source of bilirubin. Significant fractions are also derived from other hemoproteins of liver and other organs. Historically, hyperbilirubinemia has attracted the attention of clinicians as a marker of liver dysfunction. Subsequently, the studies of biliru...

Introduction Our recently published case reports and other healthy and highly educated patients of the long-term (28-42 years) follow-up suggest that D-Penicillamine (D-PA) therapy of newborn infants may have significant neuroprotective effects in cases jeopardized by bilirubin induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND) or retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) [1-3]. The first patient (43 ys) is now a me...

susac's syndrome (ss) is a clinical triad of encephalopathy, branch retinal artery occlusion and sensorineural hearing loss and maybe due to an immune-mediated endotheliopathy. because of its rarity and some similarities to other common neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, it is often misdiagnosed and therefore mistreated. to the best of o...

The authors report a case of fatal acute encephalopathy following influenza infection, with slightly atypical pathological and imaging findings. A healthy 8-year-old boy with probable recent influenza A/B infection admitted for refractory seizures was placed on phenobarbital coma and later developed hemodynamic instability. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral cerebral and cerebellar w...

Four years data from Special Care Baby Unit revealed neonatal jaundice (NNJ) as the commonest cause of hospitalization (1944 cases of NNJ out of 6454 admitted neonates). Majority (47.5%) of babies with NNJ presented between 4-7 days of birth. One hundred and sixty infants with NNJ were positive for Glucose 6 Phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, of whom 153 were males and 7 females. Eighty...

Background and Aim: The prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) its related condition, MAFLD-related acute-on-chronic failure (MAFLD-ACLF), is increasing. However, the factors that determine outcome in these patients have not been thoroughly studied. Methods: We examined a prospective cohort with ACLF from Asian Pacific Association for Study Liver (APASL) Rese...

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia is a group of autosomal recessive disorders due to deficiencies enzymes involved in steroidogenesis. Clinical manifestations depend on the degree cortisol and aldosterone deficiency. The salt-wasting form can present as medical emergency with severe hyponatremic dehydration, hyperkalemia, polyuria hyperpigmentation. However, recent years, patients CAH presenting a...

To determine the involvement of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of acute encephalopathy associated with human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) infection, we measured the levels of oxidative stress markers 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and hexanoyl-lysine adduct (HEL), tau protein, and cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from patients with HHV-6-associated acute encephalopathy (HHV-...