Epilepsy is a disease of recurrent seizures that can develop after a wide range of brain insults. Although surgical resection of focal regions of seizure onset can result in clinical improvement, the molecular mechanisms that produce and maintain focal hyperexcitability are not understood. Here, we demonstrate a regional, persistent induction of a common group of genes in human epileptic neocor...

UNLABELLED Basal ganglia or thalamic activation has been reported in ictal SPECT studies of patients with intractable epilepsy. We hypothesized that lateralization of activation of these subcortical structures may aid in the lateralization of seizure foci in patients in whom the cortical focus is subtle or equivocal. METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of 72 ictal (99m)Tc-ethylcysteinat...

Preclinical and clinical data suggest CD40 activation contributes to renal inflammation and injury. We sought to test whether upregulation of CD40 in the kidney is a causative factor of renal pathology and if reduction of renal CD40 expression, using antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) targeting CD40, would be beneficial in mouse models of glomerular injury and unilateral ureter obstruction. Admi...

Short-lived TCR microclusters and a longer-lived protein kinase Ctheta-focusing central supramolecular activation cluster (cSMAC) have been defined in model immunological synapses (IS). In different model systems, CD28-mediated costimulatory interactions have been detected in microclusters, the cSMAC, or segregated from the TCR forming multiple distinct foci. The relationship between TCR and co...

Rad50/Mre11/NBS1 (R/M/N) is a multi-functional protein complex involved in DNA repair, cell cycle checkpoint activation, DNA replication and replication block-induced responses. Ionizing radiation (IR) induces the phosphorylation of NBS1 and nuclear foci formation of the complex. Although it has been suggested that the R/M/N complex is associated with DNA damage sites, we present here biochemic...

The intracellular bacterial pathogen Shigella infects and spreads through the human intestinal epithelium. Effector proteins delivered by Shigella into cells promote infection by modulating diverse host functions. We demonstrate that the effector protein OspB interacts directly with the scaffolding protein IQGAP1, and that the absence of either OspB or IQGAP1 during infection leads to larger ar...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Our objective was to map by means of a conventional mid-field (1.0 T) MR imaging system the somatosensory areas activated by unilateral tactile stimulation of the hand, with particular attention to the areas of the ipsilateral hemisphere. METHODS Single-shot echo-planar T2*-weighted imaging sequences were performed in 12 healthy volunteers to acquire 10 contiguous 7-mm-...

Axonal injury is a feature of traumatic brain injury (TBI) contributing to both morbidity and mortality. The traumatic axon injury (TAI) results from focal perturbations of the axolemma, allowing for calcium influx triggering local intraaxonal cytoskeletal and mitochondrial damage. This mitochondrial damage has been posited to cause local bioenergetic failure, leading to axonal failure and disc...