Approximately 35% of breast cancers exhibit PIK3CA activating mutation. Since PIK3CA hotspot mutation is the most frequently mutated gene in human breast cancers and primarily overlaps in HER2+ as well as ER+ breast cancers, the subset of patients bearing PIK3CA activating mutation does not get fullest benefit from either anti-HER2 or anti-hormonal agents. Literature also suggests that these pa...

Constitutively-activating germline mutations of the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) gene are very rare and are considered the cause of hereditary nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism. We describe four affected individuals from a Caucasian family: a mother and her three children, and an unaffected father. The mother and her first two children presented in a similar manner: lifelong histories of heat intole...

Activating mutations in the kinase domain of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) have recently been shown to be an important determinant in the genetics of the childhood tumor neuroblastoma. Here we discuss an in-depth analysis of one of the reported gain-of-function ALK mutations-ALK(I1250T)-identified in the germ line DNA of one patient. Our analyses were performed in cell culture-based systems ...

Little is known about the prevalence and significance of ras gene activation in neural crest tumors such as neuroblastomas, pheochromocytomas, and medullary thyroid cancers (MTCs). Therefore, we analyzed DNA from 10 human neuroblastoma cell lines and 10 primary human pheochromocytomas for activating mutations in N-ras, H-ras, and K-ras. We also studied DNA from 24 primary neuroblastomas and 10 ...

abstract gatan has distributed in the main rivers in khoozestan province and there are few researches on propagation and reproductive system of this species. therefore, this study has focused on using of activating solutions on sperm activity and fertilization capability in gatan fish in comparison with grass carp. in this research, 5 activating solutions together with workshop water and distil...

UNLABELLED Targeted cancer therapies offer great clinical promise, but treatment resistance is common, and basic research aimed at overcoming this challenge is limited by reduced genomic and biologic complexity in artificially induced rodent tumors compared with their human counterparts. Animal models that more faithfully recapitulate genotype-specific human pathology could improve the predicti...

Introduction: Secondary radiation such as photoelectrons, Auger electrons and characteristic radiations cause a local boost in dose for a tumor when irradiated with an external X-ray beam after being loaded with elements capable of activating the tumor, e.g.; I and Gd. Materials and Methods:  In this investigation, the MCNPX code was used for simulation and calculation of dose enhancement facto...

Expression of killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs) diversifies human natural killer cell populations and T cell subpopulations. Whereas the major histocompatibility complex class I binding functions of inhibitory KIR are known, specificities for the activating receptors have resisted analysis. To understand better activating KIR and their relationship to inhibitory KIR, we took the approach of ...