Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are involved in host defense against pathogens and often activated by upstream plasma membrane leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs). ERECTA (ER) is an LRR-RLK that regulates plant developmental processes through activating MAPK cascades. Tomato leaf curl Yunnan virus (TLCYnV) C4 interacts with BKI1, stabilizes it at the impairs ER...

Ras and Raf-kinase interact through the Ras-binding (RBD) cysteine-rich domains (CRD) of Raf to signal mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, yet molecular mechanism leading activation has remained elusive. We present 2.8 Å crystal structure HRas–CRaf-RBD_CRD complex showing Ras–Raf interface as a continuous surface on Ras, seen in KRas–CRaf-RBD_CRD structure. In dynamics simulations dimer m...

Low-grade gliomas are the most common brain tumour to occur in childhood. The identification of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway as near-uniform driver these tumours has led testing therapies targeted at this pathway, with promising early results. pan-RAF inhibitor tovorafenib is one recent agents be tested for paediatric low-grade gliomas, data raising prospect that we may dawn a new e...

objective: signaling pathways such as extracellular regulated kinase/mitogen activated protein kinase (erk/mapk) have increased activity in leukemia. ribosomal 6 kinase (rsk4) is a factor downstream of the mapk/erk pathway and an important tumor suppressor which inhibits erk trafficking. decrease in rsk4 expression has been reported in some malignancies, which leads to an increase in growth and...

antiproliferative protein (app) isolated from conditioned media of two androgen-independent prostatic carcinoma cell lines, pc3 and du-145 was shown to inhibit selectively cell proliferation of androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell line lncap in a dose dependent manner. this protein was further purified with hplc using hydrophobic interaction column (phenyl 5pw) and was used to study the modu...

ABBREVIATIONS AP-1, activator protein-1; DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; ERK, extracellular signalregulated kinase; JNK, Jun N-terminal kinase; IGF-IIR, insulin-like growth factor-II receptor; MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; PKC, protein kinase C; RPA, RNase protection assay; TGF-ß, transformin...