The nonlinear filter for an ergodic signal observed in white noise is said to achieve maximal accuracy if the stationary filtering error vanishes as the signal to noise ratio diverges. We give a general characterization of the maximal accuracy property in terms of various systems theoretic notions. When the signal state space is a finite set explicit necessary and sufficient conditions are obta...

1. Invasive species threaten marine biodiversity on a global scale. 2. To test whether marine reserves provide resistance to invading species, the abundance of two conspicuous invaders, a seaweed and an oyster, were measured inside marine reserves and in comparable areas outside reserves in north-western Washington State. 3. Densities of both invaders were significantly higher in marine reserve...

In the rapidly expanding fields of cellular and molecular biology, fluorescence illumination and observation is becoming one of the techniques of choice to study the localization and dynamics of proteins, organelles, and other cellular compartments, as well as a tracer of intracellular protein trafficking. Quantitative imaging of fluorescent proteins and patterns is accomplished with a variety ...

Most paral lel planners are sensitive to the order in which goals and act iv i ty preconditions are specified. A "wrong" ordering can easily cause a solution to be missed. Permuting goals and preconditions on fa i lure in hopes of f inding a soluble order is in general computationally unacceptable. Plan spl icing is a solution to this problem. Splicing is a violent conf l ic t resolution proced...

Goals, as typically conceived in AI planning, provide an insufficient basis for choice of action, and hence are deficient as the sole expression of an agent’s objectives. Decision-theoretic utilities offer a more adequate basis, yet lack many of the computational advantages of goals. We provide a preferential semantics for goals that grounds them in decision theory and preserves the validity of...

Another comment refers to transepithelial elimination of neutrophils during resolution of NCAP. The interesting proposed hypothesis of inflammatory resolution through egression of leukocytes is very attractive [3]. C.G.A. Persson and L. Uller argue that elimination of leukocytes from the airways with bronchial inflammation (transepithelial egression) is a mode of resolving inflammation. This ch...

Redundancy has been utilized to achieve fault tolerant computation and to achieve reliable communication in networks of processors. These techniques can only be extended to computations solely based on functions in one input in which redundant hardware or software (servers) are used to compute intermediate and end results. However, almost all practical computation systems consist of components ...

Ireland developed a National Strategy 2030 that argued for the creation of a new form of higher education institution, a Technological University. The research reported here reviews the first stage of this partnership development. The study found that national policy can create system capacity and change, but that individual partners may have more to gain or lose in collaborating. When presente...

We consider the constrained optimization of excitatory synaptic input patterns to maximize spike generation in leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) and theta model neurons. In the case of discrete input kicks with a fixed total magnitude, optimal input timings and strengths are identified for each model using phase plane arguments. In both cases, optimal features relate to finding an input level at w...

OBJECTIVE The object of this conference paper was to review and discuss caries risk assessment in general practice from the questions i) 'Why', ii) 'When', and iii) 'How'. METHOD Narrative review. RESULTS i) Patient caries risk assessment is the basic component in the decision-making process for adequate prevention and management of dental caries and for determination of individual recall i...