In this paper, authors tackle three very important questions that need to be answered if a theory of design is to be constructed. The first is what designers do, Which we attempt to illustrate with the help of case studies and theories of design practice. The second question is what guides designers. Here, authors try to present some of the proposed normative positions about design, to show t...

The key principles behind current peer-to-peer research include fully distributing service functionality among all nodes participating in the system and routing individual requests based on a small amount of locally maintained state. The goals extend much further than just improving raw system performance: such systems must survive massive concurrent failures, denial of service attacks, etc. Th...

When a weak photon decay competes with a strong photon decay in a 3-level atom, the weak occasionally prevails over the strong photon. This is the shelving phenomenon. It is assumed in this paper to occur objectively and autonomously, independent of external observation – or lack of observation. We here consider an auxiliary rule-set called the nRules that triggers a non-unitary mechanism that ...

Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52057 Aachen, Germany Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Box 280, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden Department of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, Uppsala Genetic Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7080, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden Corresponding author. Tel...

In this paper we refine the well-known permutation statistic “descent” by fixing parity of (exactly) one of the descent’s numbers. We provide explicit formulas for the distribution of these (four) new statistics. We use certain differential operators to obtain the formulas. Moreover, we discuss connection of our new statistics to the Genocchi numbers. We also provide bijective proofs of some of...

This article reports the orthodontic treatment ofa 25-year-old female patient whose chief complaint was the inclination of the maxillary occlusal plane in front view. The individualized vertical placement of brackets is described. This placement made possible a symmetrical occlusal plane to be achieved in a rather straightforward manner without the need for further technical resources.

Object Orientation has as primary goal to improve the software construction process. Object Oriented analysis, design and software construction should yield software of a high quality: software that is reliable, maintainable, extensible, adaptable. However, delivering large OO software systems in a qualitative way is a significant challenge. Scaling up requires formal precision of the semantics...