this is a commentary on gilbert and colleagues’ (1) paper on morality and markets in the national health service (nhs). morality and values are not ephemeral qualities and universal healthcare is not simply an aspiration; it has to be enshrined in law. the creation of the uk nhs in 1948 was underpinned by core legal duties which required a system of public funding and delivery to follow. the mo...

the 1965 washington convention on the settlement of investment disputes between states and nationals of other states created international center for settlement of investment disputes (icsid). this center conducts investment disputes arbitration according to the rules of the convention. the choice of law rules of the washington convention have been provided in article 42. second sentence of art...

trade secrets has an important role in economic growth and development of economic competition. however ,one of the challenges in this sphere is the emergence of economice spionag. increasing growth of economic espionage causes to emerge a new phenomenon which is called information terrorism. so the mechanism of protection of the trade secretsincivil and criminal law is necessary for economic g...

making a negotiable instrument on behalf is one of the most important issues in negotiable instruments law. under general rules, the principle has the obligations arising from making negotiable instrument on behalf and agent is not in charge. if the maker wasn’t an agent or he violated the representation area, his act wouldn’t be valid. now the question is if the agent doesn’t manifest his posi...

The environmental law as it is known today is an amalgamation of common law and statutory principles. 1 Even before specific laws came into force, there were certain common law remedies against pollution. Common law is the body of customary law of England based upon judicial decisions and is embodied in the reports of decided cases. Common law had been administered by the common law courts of E...

one of the important subjects with regard to general average is the demand for compensation. the substantial question is whether the basis for the permissibility of demand for compensation on the part of the damage sufferer is the incur of peril during a voyage or not? according to the legal systems under the present study (england, france, iran and york-antwerp rules), this research reveals th...

in maritime transport law deck carriage is an important issue. whether a carrier is or is not allowed to carry goods on deck is a question that must be answered in each case and according to international rules and conventions (such as hague rules, hamburg and rotterdam conventions) and domestic laws and regulations (including maritime law of iran) governing the carriage as well as the type and...