in this article economic loss means those losses occurring independently of physical damage to things or to a person's body or health. there are two main positions about reparability of these losses: in some countries like french, belgium, spain, italy and luxembourg as a principle rule economic loss is recoverable and there is no difference between economic loss and other losses. but in s...

according to the articles 169 to 179 of the civil judgment enforcement law, the enforcement of the foreign judgment in the iranian law is based on the reciprocal act. but extension of international relations in the world today, above all in the commercial domain, requires that enforcement of foreign judgment be accepted after obtaining its correctness conditions based on res judicata. therefore...

the institutions of civil procedure have a special functions and it is necessary that this functions always be observe. two institutions are organize for control of court dictums. appeal court is for control of judgment from fact and law aspect wholly and supreme court is only for law aspect. however in practice we can see that supreme court at same cases control the judgment from fact aspect.i...

Media disinformation is an international crime that carries with it criminal culpability for its perpetrators. All elements of from the legal, material, moral, and pillars are present in media disinformation. The legal pillar consists texts found conventions, declarations, covenants, Geneva Conventions 1949 their additional protocols, others, which all stipulate combating disinformation, whethe...

parties, the magistrate, the dispute, argument and procedure with all its features at the hearing principally means the application of law on facts in order to resolution of conflicts, but it needs by itself to be organized with some techniques as a result of organizing the litigation process. some general norms are the means for achieving this goal which called principles of law. we can introd...

The provisions of the Act on Nature Conservation treat the removal of trees and shrubs without the required permit as an administrative tort sanctioned by an administrative fine in the amount of a triple fee paid for the removal with the permit of the competent authority. This is the objective liability to which not the guilt but only the fact of removal of a tree (shrub), and the...

The question arising in the legal literature about nature of culpa contrahendo has no unambiguous interpre-tation. Such different approaches to its definition as contractual, quasi-contractual or tort liability are due degree development concept systems European states. Civil Code Republic Belarus prescribes certain provisions on pre–contractual context law obligations, and consequences associa...

strict liability is the result of philosophical ideas of lawyers in front of developments in human knowledge and complexity of social relationships. strict liability the main aim is facilitation of victim's compensation, so the proof of fault is not necessary and causation is sufficient. this type of liability is justified by various foundations of economics, society and morality. in the b...

Article J-S Borghetti/S Whittaker (eds), French Civil Liability in Comparative Perspective (Hart 2019). 521 pp. ISBN 978-1-5099-2727-2. £ 90.00 (hardback). was published on September 1, 2021 the journal Journal of European Tort Law (volume 12, issue 2).