BACKGROUND AND AIMS Covering whole vines with shade cloth is used to protect the vines from heat stress, but may have costs on vine productivity through reduced light availability. Our aim was to assess the carbon balance of vines growing with and without shade to quantify the impact of the covering. METHODOLOGY Whole vines were covered with 70 % shade cloth, and shoot leaf area and leaf, ste...

Ritonavir, a widely prescribed anti-retroviral drug, belongs to Class II under 'BCS' and exhibit low and variable oral bioavailability due to its poor aqueous solubility. Ritonavir is practically insoluble in water and aqueous fluids. Its aqueous solubility was reported to be 2.56 mg/100 ml. As such oral absorption of ritonavir is dissolution rate limited and it requires enhancement in solubili...

The ®rst stage of leaf litter decomposition of two eucalyptus hybrids and Acacia auriculiformis was studied in laboratory experiments where the decaying leaves were leached with water. Although the litter of both the species were characterized by a high content of soluble compounds, little soluble organic matter of acacia litter was recovered in litter leachates. By contrast, soluble organic ma...

Legumes are a highly diverse angiosperm family that include many agriculturally important species. To date, 21 complete chloroplast genomes have been sequenced from legume crops confined to the Papilionoideae subfamily. Here we report the first chloroplast genome from the Mimosoideae, Acacia ligulata, and compare it to the previously sequenced legume genomes. The A. ligulata chloroplast genome ...

L-SHADE is an algorithm based on differential evolution wich automatically adapts the parameters related to mutation (F ) and crossover (CR) using a parameter memory. L-SHADE also controls the population size (NP ) with a linear function. In this work, a constrainthandling technique is added to L-SHADE to optimize three four-bar

This paper presents the use of multitemporal remote sensing data for monitoring land cover changes in Acre State, Brazilian Amazônia. The 2000 Landsat ETM+, the 1990 Landsat TM, and 1980 Landsat MSS were used. The 2005 and 2007 MODIS images were also used to map deforestation occurred during the recent years and to map burned areas occurred in the 2005 dry year. The Landsat and MODIS images wer...

The carbon balance is defined here as the partitioning of daily whole-plant gross CO2 assimilation (A) in C available for growth and C required for respiration (R). A scales positively with growth irradiance and there is evidence for an irradiance dependence of R as well. Here we ask if R as a fraction of A is also irradiance dependent, whether there are systematic differences in C-balance betw...

BACKGROUND The promotion of cacao agroforestry is one of the ways of diversifying farmer income and creating incentives through their inclusion in REDD+ interventions. We estimated the aboveground carbon stocks in cacao and shade trees, determined the floristic diversity of shade trees and explored the possibility of implementing REDD+ interventions in cacao landscapes. Using replicated multi-s...

Many plants of the genus Acacia exude viscous gummy liquids through cuts in their bark. These exudates form clear or translucent masses when exposed to air and function to seal off the injured part of the plant thereby preventing moisture loss and entrance of plant pests or pathogens. Man has capitalized on several unique physical and rheological properties of acacia tree exudates. Gum arabica,...