Documenting the refinement relationship between layers allows developers to verify whether the code meets its specification or not, trace the impact of changes in the business goals and execute test assertions written in terms of abstract model’s vocabulary by translating them to the concrete model’s vocabulary. Refinement has been studied in many formal notations such as Z and B and in differe...

Figure 1 shows the terms and ideas from a critical sentence (sentence 5) in the abstract. This research proposal described a randomized study comparing oral contraceptives versus the combination of leuprolide and norethindrone following surgery to remove endometriosis adhesions. The informative terms are highlighted in the sentence. The terms – efficacy, effective, operative, treatment and pelv...

Children quickly acquire basic grammatical facts about their native language. Does this early syntactic knowledge involve knowledge of words or rules? According to lexical accounts of acquisition, abstract syntactic and semantic categories are not primitive to the language-acquisition system; thus, early language comprehension and production are based on verb-specific knowledge. The present exp...

In school settings, students are typically evaluated using group achievement tests, IQ scales, and college entrance exams that focus more on rote-verbal skills (e.g., vocabulary, mathematical facts) than on higher level executive functions (e.g., abstract thinking, problem solving). However, recent neuropsychological findings suggest that rote-knowledge skills and executive functions are diverg...

We have created a clinical data model using Abstract Syntax Notation 1 (ASN. 1). The clinical model is constructed from a small number of simple data types that are built into data structures of progressively greater complexity. Important intermediate types include Attributes, Observations, and Events. The highest level elements in the model are messages that are used for inter-process communic...

1 Abstract This paper aims to codify the vocabulary used for discussing the marketing and distribution channels used by software companies. Many of these patterns will exist inside companies but are not explicitly recognised, they exist only as tacit knowledge or embedded in practice. The vocabulary presented here is part of a larger pattern language by the same author. The patterns presented h...

AUTINDEX is a bilingual automatic indexing system for the two languages German and English. It is being developed within the EU-funded BINDEX project. The aim of the system is to automatically index large quantities of abstracts of scientific and technical papers from several areas of engineering. Automatic indexing takes place using a controlled vocabulary provided in monolingual and bilingual...

Designing appropriate materials and activities to enhance vocabulary learning is one of the primary goals of language courses. Among the claims about efficient pedagogical tasks is the Involvement Load Hypothesis (Laufer & Hulstijn, 2001) according to which vocabulary development is contingent on the amount of cognitive process a task involves. Building on the previous research on this hypothes...

It has been shown that abstract concepts are more difficult to process and are acquired later than concrete concepts. We analysed the percentage of concrete words in the narrative lexicon of individuals with Williams Syndrome (WS) as compared to individuals with Down Syndrome (DS) and typically developing (TD) peers. The cognitive profile of WS is characterized by visual-spatial difficulties, w...

To investigate the relationship between cognitive and social functioning, 20 Israeli individuals with HFASD aged 8-12 and 22 age, maternal education, and receptive vocabulary-matched preadolescents with typical development (TYP) came to the lab with a close friend. Measures of abstract reasoning, friendship quality, and dyadic interaction during a play session were obtained. As hypothesized, in...