BACKGROUND When two targets are presented in close temporal succession, the majority of people frequently fail to report the second target. This phenomenon, known as the 'attentional blink' (AB), has been a major topic in attention research for the past twenty years because it is informative about the rate at which stimuli can be encoded into consciously accessible representations. An aspect of...

In his original description of the nociceptive flexion reflex in vertibrate animals Sherrington (1910) declares that even though the reflex is most readily elicited from the foot, it has a receptive field which includes "the skin of the whole limb as far up as the groin in front, the perineum medially, and the ischial region behind". He states that noxious stimuli within this field cause not on...

30 Introduction: Massage therapy (MT) is one of the most widely used complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies (1). Studies indicate that parents are becoming increasingly more interested in CAM therapies, including MT, for their children. One study found that 33% of parents reported using CAM for their child within the past year, with MT being one of the most popular therapies (2)...

The detrimental effects of organophosphate pesticide (OP) exposure on neurodevelopment have been shown in animals. The present study aimed to assess the relationship between in utero and early postnatal OP exposure and neonatal neurobehavior in humans, as measured by seven clusters (habituation, orientation, motor performance, range of state, regulation of state, autonomic stability, and reflex...

Biopsy is a useful technique for definitive diagnosis of abnormal oral conditions and it must be performed carefully since any error may result in histopathologic misidentification of the lesion. Present study evaluated the most relevant literatures published between 1982 and 2012 in order to review existed guidelines of correct biopsy performance using scientific database sources such as PubMe...

Abdominal bloating is a very common and troublesome symptom of all ages, but it has not been fully understood to date. Bloating is usually associated with functional gastrointestinal disorders or organic diseases, but it may also appear alone. The pathophysiology of bloating remains ambiguous, although some evidences support the potential mechanisms, including gut hypersensitivity, impaired gas...

In 143 normal subjects latencies of H-reflexes of the flexor carpi radialis muscle were well correlated with arm lengths. In 32 patients with injury to cervical roots C5 to C8 it was shown that latencies were only abnormal in lesions of roots C6 or C7. It is suggested that in most instances root C6 or C7 and, probably both roots in some cases are involved in the reflex pathway. Repeat electroph...

In this research, we evaluated the inter-relation of tremor and rigidity in Parkinson's disease. We included the agonist and antagonist skeletal muscle models as well as the peripheral (spinal and long-loop reflexes) and central (basal ganglia and cortex) mechanisms and present a complete model. All of our simulation is developed in SIMULINK, MATLAB 7. Our results showed that (1) increased supp...

Reflexes assessment is the basic test performed in a neurologic examination, which is an important diagnosis in identifying diseases or lesions in the nervous system [2]. This is because abnormal reflex responses are generally the signs of diseases in the nervous or muscular system [3]. During a particular assessment, reflex of the responding muscle is observed by the examiner and subsequently ...