This paper challenges the long-standing belief that changes in patterns of war and war making caused the emergence of large territorial states. Using new data describing the universe of European states between 1100 and 1790, I find that small political units continued to thrive well into the “age of the territorial state.” Some scholars have argued that changes in the production of violence led...

I’m going to restrict myself to diffractive phenomena in γp interactions (where the photon can be real or virtual). For the present purposes “diffraction” means that there is a rapidity gap in the final state (I’ll have more to say on this later). Let’s start by recalling some results on total rates . In particular, I want to discuss the W -dependence of total rates (W is the γp invariant mass)...

We provide another proof of the Sipser{Lautemann Theorem by which BPP MA (PH). The current proof is based on strong results regarding the ampliication of BPP, due to Zuck-erman. Given these results, the current proof is even simpler than previous ones. Furthermore, extending the proof leads to two results regarding MA: MA ZPP NP (which seems to be new), and that two-sided error MA equals MA. Fi...