We carried out a masked priming lexical decision experiment to study whether visual letter similarity plays a role during the initial phases of word processing in young readers of Arabic (fifth graders). Arabic is ideally suited to test these effects because most Arabic letters share their basic shape with at least one other letter and differ only in the number/position of diacritical points (e...

ةـصلاخلا : جا تحت زجت ة قيرط س كعلا ىفص نلا نو لل ثحبلا لود ج ة ئ ي طعتو ل قأ باسح تاوطخ ى لإ ي ةد يج جئا تن . دحاو ثحب لودج ة قيرطلا مدختستو اً يُ َّ زخ نُ ، طقف ةءار قلل ةر آاذ ىف و نو للا فيفختل مي ق ى لع لودجلا ىو تحي باسحلا ةقباس ) ىدامرلا ىوتسملا ( ىسكعلا ىفصنلا نوللا تايلمعل . ة يزاوتم باسح ة قيرط حر تقي ثحبلا اذ هو لإ زاجن ىفصنلا نوللا سكعلا ي ، جتب كلذو ىلإ درفنملا ثحبلا لودج ةئز نم ددع...

Economic interactions are conducted between economic agents individuals and collectives, through exchange of natural or artificial entities goods, services and money, in a myriad of combinations. In this article we adopt a microscopic point of view, concentrating on the exchanged entities, and extracting their relevant attributes as seen from structurally simple economic processes. Following th...