This article is the second of two presenting a new approach to left adequate monoids. In the first, we introduced the notion of being T -proper, where T is a submonoid of a left adequate monoid M . We showed that the free left adequate monoid on a set X is X∗-proper. Further, any left adequate monoid M has an X∗-proper cover for some set X , that is, there is an X∗proper left adequate monoid M̂ ...

Little is known about how climatic variability affects fragmented forests and their abrupt edges. We contrasted effects of the 1997 El Niño drought between fragmented and continuous forests in central Amazonia, using long-term data on tree mortality. For 23 permanent 1-ha plots, annualized mortality rates of trees 10 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) were compared among a ‘baseline’ interval o...

There is no report on the effect of length Jizhen 2 interstock growth and fruit quality Tianhong apple trees, which are usually grown in Baoding, Hebei Province, China. We surveyed tree size, branch types, set, root parameters 3–5-year-old ‘Tianhong 2/Jizhen 2/Malus × robusta Rehder’ to study effects dwarfing tree’s aboveground parts roots, as well yield quality. The height stem girths scion de...

Alaska yellow-cedar has declined in Southeast Alaska over the past 100 years, resulting in half a million acres of dead or dying trees. The natural decay resistance of Alaska yellow-cedar means that many of these trees are still merchantable. However, the topography of Southeast Alaska is such that selectively harvesting Alaska yellow-cedar may often require helicopter-yarding. This paper tests...

To study the effects of wildfire on population genetics of a wind pollinated and wind dispersed tree, we have analyzed the genetic structure of a post-fire, naturally regenerating seedling population of Pinus halepensis Miller, on Mt. Carmel, Israel. We tested the existence of spatial genetic structure, which is expected due to the special spatial demographic structure of the post-fire seedling...